Deverbal nominalization

There are two clear deverbal nominalization processes attested in Sereer. Both appear to be entirely productive and can apply to any verb, although this is presumably constrained by semantics to some extent.

Deverbal agentive nouns

Agent nominalization occurs through a completely productive reduplication process whereby the body of the first syllable is reduplicated, and the vowel is lengthened if it was not already long.

Verb Gloss	Verb	Noun Gloss	Agent Noun
refuse	fañ	naysayer	opaafañ
gather clams	faañ	clamdigger	opaafaañ
work	jal	worker	ocaajal
read, study	jang	student	ocaajang
steal	guuɗ	thief	okuuguuɗ
cultivate	xox	farmer	oqooxox

Agents nominalized in this way will almost always fall into the ox/w class, resulting in consonant mutation on the initial consonant of the reduplicant. It is possible to give a reduplicated agent noun an inanimate referent:

ambeel a-refa o-mee-meleƈ

(lake 3RD-COP ox-NOM-sparkle)

‘The lake is a sparkler.’

This construction carries an anthropomorphic sense. Some verbs can undergo this nominalization process with a non-human agent; these nouns are lexically determined. Nonhuman agent nominalizations occur in the n/k noun classes, rather than the human ox/w class.

Verb Gloss	Verb	Noun Gloss	Agent Noun	Determiner
fly	yet	flying person insect	oyeeyet yeeyet	oxe ne