Difference between revisions of "Minimal Pair List"
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The list below shows some minimal or near minimal pairs. |
The list below shows some minimal or near minimal pairs. |
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+ | ==Minimal Pairs== |
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− | CONSONANTS |
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+ | Consonant and vowel minimal pairs are given here to justify contrasts that one might find worthy of scrutiny. |
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− | {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left" |
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− | ! word || || gloss |
||
− | |- |
||
− | | ˈtadikʰ || - || three |
||
− | |- |
||
− | | ⁿdiitˈ || - || bird |
||
− | |} |
||
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left" |
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left" |
||
− | ! |
+ | ! Contrast || Item 1 || Gloss || Item 2 || Gloss |
|- |
|- |
||
+ | | '''i : ii''' || liƥ || fish || liiƥ || to measure |
||
− | | ŋɡol || - || finger |
||
|- |
|- |
||
+ | | '''e : ee''' || ref || to be || reef || to follow |
||
− | | oŋɡool || - || moon |
||
− | |} |
||
− | |||
− | {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left" |
||
− | ! word || || gloss |
||
|- |
|- |
||
+ | | '''o : oo''' || dor || to fold || door || to start |
||
− | | famb || - || drum |
||
|- |
|- |
||
+ | | '''u : uu''' || xuf || to startle || xuuf || to cut short |
||
− | | faaɓ || - || frog |
||
− | |} |
||
− | |||
− | {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left" |
||
− | ! word || || gloss |
||
|- |
|- |
||
+ | | '''a : aa''' || kaf || joke || kaaf || millet plants |
||
− | | fidɛl || - || fire |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | | |
+ | | '''i : e''' || wil || hair || wel || to be sharp |
− | |} |
||
− | |||
− | {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left" |
||
− | ! word || || gloss |
||
|- |
|- |
||
+ | | '''ii : ee''' || xiiñ || to squint || xeeñ || heart, lung |
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− | | ƥa̰:k || - || baobab tree |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | | |
+ | | '''e : a''' || sex || to carve off || sax || insult |
− | |} |
||
− | |||
− | {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left" |
||
− | ! word || || gloss |
||
|- |
|- |
||
+ | | '''ee : aa''' || meeɓ || to pick up || maaɓ || to lie on |
||
− | | oˈɟɛm || - || salt |
||
|- |
|- |
||
+ | | '''a : o''' || sax || insult || sox || to hull millet by pounding |
||
− | | ˈɟimb || - || transplant |
||
− | |} |
||
− | |||
− | {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left" |
||
− | ! word || || gloss |
||
|- |
|- |
||
+ | | '''aa : oo''' || aqaal || boat sp. || aqool || standing dead tree trunk |
||
− | | ˈɟimb || - || transplant |
||
|- |
|- |
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+ | | '''o : u''' || sox || to dehusk millet || sux || to plug a hole |
||
− | | ˈcimb || - || seedling |
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|- |
|- |
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+ | | '''oo : uu''' || ɓooɓ || family name || ɓuuɓ || to be cold |
||
− | | aˈkim || - || song |
||
|} |
|} |
||
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left" |
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left" |
||
− | ! |
+ | ! Contrast || Item 1 || Gloss || Item 2 || Gloss |
|- |
|- |
||
+ | | '''p : b''' || pac || to remove foreskin || bac || to winnow |
||
− | | oˈqol || - || field |
||
|- |
|- |
||
+ | | '''t : d''' || taxan || to cause for someone || daxan || to search for firewood |
||
− | | oˈkol || - || glue (Fr.) |
||
− | |} |
||
− | |||
− | {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left" |
||
− | ! word || || gloss |
||
|- |
|- |
||
+ | | '''c : j''' || cimb || seedling || jimb || to transplant seedlings |
||
− | | aˈnaaq || - || branch |
||
|- |
|- |
||
+ | | '''k : g''' || suk || boat || sug || to pound millet |
||
− | | aˈnaaχaha|| - || senile, negligent |
||
− | |} |
||
− | |||
− | {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left" |
||
− | ! word || || gloss |
||
|- |
|- |
||
+ | | '''b : mb''' || bind || to write || mbind || house |
||
− | | mbɪnd || - || house (sg) |
||
|- |
|- |
||
+ | | '''d : nd''' || roxod || to take off of head || roxond || to put on head |
||
− | | pɪnd || - || house (pl) |
||
− | |} |
||
− | |||
− | {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left" |
||
− | ! word || || gloss |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | | |
+ | | '''j : nj''' || || || || |
|- |
|- |
||
+ | | '''g : ng''' || ɗag || to hang || ɗang || to be stuck (in a tree) |
||
− | | sug || - || pound millet |
||
− | |} |
||
− | |||
− | {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left" |
||
− | ! word || || gloss |
||
|- |
|- |
||
+ | | '''p : ƥ''' || pog || trap || ƥog || pl. to bathe |
||
− | | suk || - || boat |
||
|- |
|- |
||
+ | | '''t : ƭ''' || teen || stoves || ƭeen || breasts |
||
− | | ɗuk || - || tackle |
||
− | |} |
||
− | |||
− | {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left" |
||
− | ! word || || gloss |
||
|- |
|- |
||
+ | | '''c : ƈ''' || oxiic || jujube || oxiiƈ || bone |
||
− | | okor || - || man |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | | |
+ | | '''b : ɓ''' || || || || |
− | |} |
||
− | |||
− | {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left" |
||
− | ! word || || gloss |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | | |
+ | | '''d : ɗ''' || dox || to be first || ɗox || to burn (intr.) |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | |
+ | | '''j : ʄ''' || || || || |
− | |} |
||
− | |||
− | {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left" |
||
− | ! word || || gloss |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | | |
+ | | '''ƥ : ɓ''' || ƥaak || baobab tree || ɓaak || baobab fruit |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | |
+ | | '''ƭ : ɗ''' || ƭaaf || daaf tree || ɗaaf || daaf |
− | |} |
||
− | |||
− | {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left" |
||
− | ! word || || gloss |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | | |
+ | | '''ƈ : ʄ''' || || || || |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | |
+ | | '''t : c''' || || || || |
− | |} |
||
− | |||
− | {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left" |
||
− | ! word || || gloss |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | | |
+ | | '''c : k''' || || || || |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | |
+ | | '''k : q''' || || || || |
− | |} |
||
− | |||
− | {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left" |
||
− | ! word || || gloss |
||
|- |
|- |
||
+ | | '''k : ' ''' || ojok || neck || ojo' || testicle |
||
− | | ndeen || - || stove (sg) |
||
|- |
|- |
||
+ | | '''q : ' ''' || yoq || to be left over || yo' || to move |
||
− | | teen || - || stove (pl) |
||
− | |} |
||
− | |||
− | {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left" |
||
− | ! word || || gloss |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | | |
+ | | '''d : j''' || deg || to cut || jeg || to have |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | |
+ | | '''j : g''' || || || || |
− | |} |
||
− | |||
− | {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left" |
||
− | ! word || || gloss |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | | |
+ | | '''nd : nj''' || || || || |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | |
+ | | '''nj : ng''' || || || || |
− | |} |
||
− | |||
− | {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left" |
||
− | ! word || || gloss |
||
|- |
|- |
||
+ | | '''ng : nq''' || ngas || pl. to dig || nqas || pl. to berate |
||
− | | nduus || - || knife (sg) |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | | |
+ | | '''ɗ : ʄ''' || || || || |
− | |} |
||
− | |||
− | {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left" |
||
− | ! word || || gloss |
||
− | |- |
||
− | | gin || - || egg |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | | |
+ | | '''ƭ : ƈ''' || || || || |
|} |
|} |
||
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left" |
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left" |
||
− | ! |
+ | ! Contrast || Item 1 || Gloss || Item 2 || Gloss |
|- |
|- |
||
+ | | '''m : mb''' || kam || to be crooked || kamb || pits, holes |
||
− | | lug || - || gangrene (?) |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | | |
+ | | '''n : nd''' || || || || |
− | |} |
||
− | |||
− | {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left" |
||
− | ! word || || gloss |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | | |
+ | | '''ñ : nj''' || || || || |
|- |
|- |
||
+ | | '''ŋ : ng''' || ŋas || to play || ngas || pl. to dig |
||
− | | atɛɓ || - || small (class x) |
||
− | |} |
||
− | |||
− | {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left" |
||
− | ! word || || gloss |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | | |
+ | | '''ñ : ŋ''' || || || || |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | |
+ | | '''n : ñ''' || riin || front || || |
− | |} |
||
− | |||
− | {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left" |
||
− | ! word || || gloss |
||
|- |
|- |
||
+ | | '''ñ : ŋ''' || ñaay || to be spicy || ŋaay || to climb, mount |
||
− | | χal || - || make a mistake, misspeak |
||
− | |- |
||
− | | kal || - || a mistake |
||
|} |
|} |
||
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left" |
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left" |
||
− | ! |
+ | ! Contrast || Item 1 || Gloss || Item 2 || Gloss |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | |
+ | | '''l : r''' || || || || |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | |
+ | | '''w : b''' || || || || |
− | |} |
||
− | |||
− | {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left" |
||
− | ! word || || gloss |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | | |
+ | | '''l : n''' || || || || |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | |
+ | | '''l : nd''' || || || || |
− | |} |
||
− | |||
− | {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left" |
||
− | ! word || || gloss |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | | |
+ | | '''y : j''' || || || || |
− | |- |
||
− | | ɗu:d || - || swallow |
||
|} |
|} |
||
+ | ==Consonants== |
||
− | {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left" |
||
− | ! word || || gloss |
||
− | |- |
||
− | | ɗat || - || pick fruit |
||
− | |- |
||
− | | ƭat || - || (be) right |
||
− | |} |
||
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left" |
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left" |
||
! word || || gloss |
! word || || gloss |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | | |
+ | | tadik || - || three |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | |
+ | | ndiit || - || bird |
|} |
|} |
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Line 257: | Line 142: | ||
! word || || gloss |
! word || || gloss |
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|- |
|- |
||
− | | |
+ | | ngol || - || finger |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | |
+ | | onqool || - || moon |
|} |
|} |
||
Line 265: | Line 150: | ||
! word || || gloss |
! word || || gloss |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | | |
+ | | ƥaak || - || baobab tree |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | |
+ | | ɓaak || - || baobab fruit |
|} |
|} |
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Line 273: | Line 158: | ||
! word || || gloss |
! word || || gloss |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | | |
+ | | jimb || - || to transplant |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | |
+ | | cimb || - || seedlings |
− | |} |
||
− | |||
− | {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left" |
||
− | ! word || || gloss |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | | |
+ | | akim || - || song |
− | |- |
||
− | | nag || - || pick up |
||
|} |
|} |
||
− | |||
− | {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left" |
||
− | ! word || || gloss |
||
− | |- |
||
− | | rɛf || - || be |
||
− | |- |
||
− | | gɛf || - || crack, break |
||
− | |} |
||
− | |||
− | {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left" |
||
− | ! word || || gloss |
||
− | |- |
||
− | | tok || - || on, on top of |
||
− | |- |
||
− | | ɓok || - || (be) pigeon-toed |
||
− | |} |
||
− | |||
− | {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left" |
||
− | ! word || || gloss |
||
− | |- |
||
− | | aʄɛwa || - || He gets water from a well |
||
− | |- |
||
− | | aƈɛwa || - || They get water from a well |
||
− | |} |
||
− | |||
− | {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left" |
||
− | ! word || || gloss |
||
− | |- |
||
− | | afo:la || - || He jumps |
||
− | |- |
||
− | | ambo:la || - || They jump |
||
− | |} |
||
− | |||
− | {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left" |
||
− | ! word || || gloss |
||
− | |- |
||
− | | abuga || - || He loves |
||
− | |- |
||
− | | ambuga || - || They love |
||
− | |} |
||
− | |||
− | {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left" |
||
− | ! word || || gloss |
||
− | |- |
||
− | | awa:ɗa || - || He looks for |
||
− | |- |
||
− | | amba:ɗa || - || They look for |
||
− | |} |
||
− | |||
− | {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left" |
||
− | ! word || || gloss |
||
− | |- |
||
− | | ɟik || - || buy |
||
− | |- |
||
− | | ɗik || - || two |
||
− | |} |
||
− | |||
− | {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left" |
||
− | ! word || || gloss |
||
− | |- |
||
− | | aɟika || - || He buys |
||
− | |- |
||
− | | aɲɟika || - || They buy |
||
− | |} |
||
− | |||
− | {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left" |
||
− | ! word || || gloss |
||
− | |- |
||
− | | ɓood || - || to crawl |
||
− | |- |
||
− | | ƥood || - || snake (lit. 'crawler') |
||
− | |} |
||
− | |||
− | {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left" |
||
− | ! word || || gloss |
||
− | |- |
||
− | | qɔχ || - || bulls |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |ɴɢɔχ || - || a bull |
||
− | |} |
||
− | |||
− | {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left" |
||
− | ! word || || gloss |
||
− | |- |
||
− | | laac || - || to ask for |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |laƈ || - || a limp |
||
− | |- |
||
− | | laʄ || - || to limp |
||
− | |} |
||
− | |||
− | |||
− | ----------------------------- |
||
− | |||
− | |||
− | VOWELS |
||
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left" |
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left" |
||
! word || || gloss |
! word || || gloss |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | | |
+ | | oqol || - || field |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | |
+ | | okol || - || glue (Fr.) |
|} |
|} |
||
Line 393: | Line 176: | ||
! word || || gloss |
! word || || gloss |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | | |
+ | | mbind || - || house (sg) |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | |
+ | | pind || - || house (pl) |
|} |
|} |
||
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left" |
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left" |
||
! word || || gloss |
! word || || gloss |
||
− | |- |
||
− | | naf || - || to hit |
||
− | |- |
||
− | | nof || - || ear |
||
− | |} |
||
− | |||
− | {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left" |
||
− | ! word || || gloss |
||
− | |- |
||
− | | sak || - || to hold something |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| suk || - || boat |
| suk || - || boat |
||
− | |} |
||
− | |||
− | {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left" |
||
− | ! word || || gloss |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | | |
+ | | sug || - || pound millet |
− | |- |
||
− | | gin || - || egg |
||
− | |- |
||
− | | gon || - || name |
||
− | |- |
||
− | | gum || - || to have a mouth full of water |
||
|} |
|} |
||
Line 429: | Line 192: | ||
! word || || gloss |
! word || || gloss |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | | |
+ | | fiɗel || - || fire (sg) |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | |
+ | | piɗel || - || fire (pl) |
− | |} |
||
− | |||
− | {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left" |
||
− | ! word || || gloss |
||
− | |- |
||
− | | log || - || to have a mouth full of food |
||
− | |- |
||
− | | lug || - || abscess |
||
− | |} |
||
− | |||
− | {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left" |
||
− | ! word || || gloss |
||
− | |- |
||
− | | xas || - || to scold |
||
− | |- |
||
− | | xaas || - || to fart |
||
− | |} |
||
− | |||
− | {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left" |
||
− | ! word || || gloss |
||
− | |- |
||
− | | ten || - || he/she/it |
||
− | |- |
||
− | | teen || - || breast |
||
|} |
|} |
||
Line 463: | Line 202: | ||
| gin || - || egg |
| gin || - || egg |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | | |
+ | | giñ || - || (be) full |
|} |
|} |
||
Line 469: | Line 208: | ||
! word || || gloss |
! word || || gloss |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | | |
+ | | ateƥ || - || rain |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | |
+ | | ateɓ || - || small |
|} |
|} |
||
Line 477: | Line 216: | ||
! word || || gloss |
! word || || gloss |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | | |
+ | | ɗat || - || pick fruit |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | |
+ | | aƭat || - || road |
|} |
|} |
||
− | {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left" |
+ | {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left" |
! word || || gloss |
! word || || gloss |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | | |
+ | | tok || - || on, on top of |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | |
+ | | ɓok || - || (be) pigeon-toed |
− | |} |
||
− | |||
− | {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left" |
||
− | ! word || || gloss |
||
− | |- |
||
− | | poj || - || tomb |
||
− | |- |
||
− | | paj || - || sarong |
||
|} |
|} |
Latest revision as of 17:14, 28 April 2013
The list below shows some minimal or near minimal pairs.
Minimal Pairs
Consonant and vowel minimal pairs are given here to justify contrasts that one might find worthy of scrutiny.
Contrast | Item 1 | Gloss | Item 2 | Gloss |
---|---|---|---|---|
i : ii | liƥ | fish | liiƥ | to measure |
e : ee | ref | to be | reef | to follow |
o : oo | dor | to fold | door | to start |
u : uu | xuf | to startle | xuuf | to cut short |
a : aa | kaf | joke | kaaf | millet plants |
i : e | wil | hair | wel | to be sharp |
ii : ee | xiiñ | to squint | xeeñ | heart, lung |
e : a | sex | to carve off | sax | insult |
ee : aa | meeɓ | to pick up | maaɓ | to lie on |
a : o | sax | insult | sox | to hull millet by pounding |
aa : oo | aqaal | boat sp. | aqool | standing dead tree trunk |
o : u | sox | to dehusk millet | sux | to plug a hole |
oo : uu | ɓooɓ | family name | ɓuuɓ | to be cold |
Contrast | Item 1 | Gloss | Item 2 | Gloss |
---|---|---|---|---|
p : b | pac | to remove foreskin | bac | to winnow |
t : d | taxan | to cause for someone | daxan | to search for firewood |
c : j | cimb | seedling | jimb | to transplant seedlings |
k : g | suk | boat | sug | to pound millet |
b : mb | bind | to write | mbind | house |
d : nd | roxod | to take off of head | roxond | to put on head |
j : nj | ||||
g : ng | ɗag | to hang | ɗang | to be stuck (in a tree) |
p : ƥ | pog | trap | ƥog | pl. to bathe |
t : ƭ | teen | stoves | ƭeen | breasts |
c : ƈ | oxiic | jujube | oxiiƈ | bone |
b : ɓ | ||||
d : ɗ | dox | to be first | ɗox | to burn (intr.) |
j : ʄ | ||||
ƥ : ɓ | ƥaak | baobab tree | ɓaak | baobab fruit |
ƭ : ɗ | ƭaaf | daaf tree | ɗaaf | daaf |
ƈ : ʄ | ||||
t : c | ||||
c : k | ||||
k : q | ||||
k : ' | ojok | neck | ojo' | testicle |
q : ' | yoq | to be left over | yo' | to move |
d : j | deg | to cut | jeg | to have |
j : g | ||||
nd : nj | ||||
nj : ng | ||||
ng : nq | ngas | pl. to dig | nqas | pl. to berate |
ɗ : ʄ | ||||
ƭ : ƈ |
Contrast | Item 1 | Gloss | Item 2 | Gloss |
---|---|---|---|---|
m : mb | kam | to be crooked | kamb | pits, holes |
n : nd | ||||
ñ : nj | ||||
ŋ : ng | ŋas | to play | ngas | pl. to dig |
ñ : ŋ | ||||
n : ñ | riin | front | ||
ñ : ŋ | ñaay | to be spicy | ŋaay | to climb, mount |
Contrast | Item 1 | Gloss | Item 2 | Gloss |
---|---|---|---|---|
l : r | ||||
w : b | ||||
l : n | ||||
l : nd | ||||
y : j |
Consonants
word | gloss | |
---|---|---|
tadik | - | three |
ndiit | - | bird |
word | gloss | |
---|---|---|
ngol | - | finger |
onqool | - | moon |
word | gloss | |
---|---|---|
ƥaak | - | baobab tree |
ɓaak | - | baobab fruit |
word | gloss | |
---|---|---|
jimb | - | to transplant |
cimb | - | seedlings |
akim | - | song |
word | gloss | |
---|---|---|
oqol | - | field |
okol | - | glue (Fr.) |
word | gloss | |
---|---|---|
mbind | - | house (sg) |
pind | - | house (pl) |
word | gloss | |
---|---|---|
suk | - | boat |
sug | - | pound millet |
word | gloss | |
---|---|---|
fiɗel | - | fire (sg) |
piɗel | - | fire (pl) |
word | gloss | |
---|---|---|
gin | - | egg |
giñ | - | (be) full |
word | gloss | |
---|---|---|
ateƥ | - | rain |
ateɓ | - | small |
word | gloss | |
---|---|---|
ɗat | - | pick fruit |
aƭat | - | road |
word | gloss | |
---|---|---|
tok | - | on, on top of |
ɓok | - | (be) pigeon-toed |