Difference between revisions of "Minimal Pair List"

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The list below shows some minimal or near minimal pairs.
  
The list below shows some minimal or near minimal pairs.
   
−
==Consonants==
 +
==Minimal Pairs==
   
  +
Consonant and vowel minimal pairs are given here to justify contrasts that one might find worthy of scrutiny.
−
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left"
  
−
! word || || gloss
  
−
|-
  
−
| ˈtadikʰ || - || three
  
−
|-
  
−
| ⁿdiitˈ || - || bird
  
−
|}
  
   
 
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left"
  
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left"
−
! word || || gloss
 +
! Contrast || Item 1 || Gloss || Item 2 || Gloss
 
|-
  
|-
  +
| '''i : ii''' || liƥ || fish || liiƥ || to measure
−
| ŋɡol || - || finger
  
 
|-
  
|-
  +
| '''e : ee''' || ref || to be || reef || to follow
−
| oŋɡool || - || moon
  
−
|}
  
−  
−
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left"
  
−
! word || || gloss
  
 
|-
  
|-
  +
| '''o : oo''' || dor || to fold || door || to start
−
| famb || - || drum
  
 
|-
  
|-
  +
| '''u : uu''' || xuf || to startle || xuuf || to cut short
−
| faaɓ || - || frog
  
−
|}
  
−  
−
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left"
  
−
! word || || gloss
  
 
|-
  
|-
  +
| '''a : aa''' || kaf || joke || kaaf || millet plants
−
| fidɛl || - || fire
  
 
|-
  
|-
−
| ˈʔambɛ:l || - || lake
 +
| '''i : e''' || wil || hair || wel || to be sharp
−
|}
  
−  
−
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left"
  
−
! word || || gloss
  
 
|-
  
|-
  +
| '''ii : ee''' || xiiñ || to squint || xeeñ || heart, lung
−
| ƥa̰:k || - || baobab tree
  
 
|-
  
|-
−
| ɓa:k || - || baobab fruit
 +
| '''e : a''' || sex || to carve off || sax || insult
−
|}
  
−  
−
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left"
  
−
! word || || gloss
  
 
|-
  
|-
  +
| '''ee : aa''' || meeɓ || to pick up || maaɓ || to lie on
−
| oˈɟɛm || - || salt
  
 
|-
  
|-
  +
| '''a : o''' || sax || insult || sox || to hull millet by pounding
−
| ˈɟimb || - || transplant
  
−
|}
  
−  
−
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left"
  
−
! word || || gloss
  
 
|-
  
|-
  +
| '''aa : oo''' || aqaal || boat sp. || aqool || standing dead tree trunk
−
| ˈɟimb || - || transplant
  
 
|-
  
|-
  +
| '''o : u''' || sox || to dehusk millet || sux || to plug a hole
−
| ˈcimb || - || seedling
  
 
|-
  
|-
  +
| '''oo : uu''' || ɓooɓ || family name || ɓuuɓ || to be cold
−
| aˈkim || - || song
  
 
|}
  
|}
   
 
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left"
  
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left"
−
! word || || gloss
 +
! Contrast || Item 1 || Gloss || Item 2 || Gloss
 
|-
  
|-
  +
| '''p : b''' || pac || to remove foreskin || bac || to winnow
−
| oˈqol || - || field
  
 
|-
  
|-
  +
| '''t : d''' || taxan || to cause for someone || daxan || to search for firewood
−
| oˈkol || - || glue (Fr.)
  
−
|}
  
−  
−
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left"
  
−
! word || || gloss
  
 
|-
  
|-
  +
| '''c : j''' || cimb || seedling || jimb || to transplant seedlings
−
| aˈnaaq || - || branch
  
 
|-
  
|-
  +
| '''k : g''' || suk || boat || sug || to pound millet
−
| aˈnaaχaha|| - || senile, negligent
  
−
|}
  
−  
−
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left"
  
−
! word || || gloss
  
 
|-
  
|-
  +
| '''b : mb''' || bind || to write || mbind || house
−
| mbɪnd || - || house (sg)
  
 
|-
  
|-
  +
| '''d : nd''' || roxod || to take off of head || roxond || to put on head
−
| pɪnd || - || house (pl)
  
−
|}
  
−  
−
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left"
  
−
! word || || gloss
  
 
|-
  
|-
−
| suk || - || boat
 +
| '''j : nj''' || || || ||
 
|-
  
|-
  +
| '''g : ng''' || ɗag || to hang || ɗang || to be stuck (in a tree)
−
| sug || - || pound millet
  
−
|}
  
−  
−
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left"
  
−
! word || || gloss
  
 
|-
  
|-
  +
| '''p : ƥ''' || pog || trap || ƥog || pl. to bathe
−
| suk || - || boat
  
 
|-
  
|-
  +
| '''t : ƭ''' || teen || stoves || ƭeen || breasts
−
| ɗuk || - || tackle
  
−
|}
  
−  
−
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left"
  
−
! word || || gloss
  
 
|-
  
|-
  +
| '''c : ƈ''' || oxiic || jujube || oxiiƈ || bone
−
| okor || - || man
  
 
|-
  
|-
−
| okol || - || glue (Fr.)
 +
| '''b : ɓ''' || || || ||
−
|}
  
−  
−
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left"
  
−
! word || || gloss
  
 
|-
  
|-
−
| fiɗel || - || fire (sg)
 +
| '''d : ɗ''' || dox || to be first || ɗox || to burn (intr.)
 
|-
  
|-
−
| piɗel || - || fire (pl)
 +
| '''j : ʄ''' || || || ||
−
|}
  
−  
−
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left"
  
−
! word || || gloss
  
 
|-
  
|-
−
| ndaχar || - || tree
 +
| '''ƥ : ɓ''' || ƥaak || baobab tree || ɓaak || baobab fruit
 
|-
  
|-
−
| taχar || - || tree (pl)
 +
| '''ƭ : ɗ''' || ƭaaf || daaf tree || ɗaaf || daaf
−
|}
  
−  
−
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left"
  
−
! word || || gloss
  
 
|-
  
|-
−
| mbaal || - || sheep (sg)
 +
| '''ƈ : ʄ''' || || || ||
 
|-
  
|-
−
| paal || - || sheep (pl)
 +
| '''t : c''' || || || ||
−
|}
  
−  
−
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left"
  
−
! word || || gloss
  
 
|-
  
|-
−
| mbof || - || tied bundle (pl)
 +
| '''c : k''' || || || ||
 
|-
  
|-
−
| pof || - || tied bundle (pl)
 +
| '''k : q''' || || || ||
−
|}
  
−  
−
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left"
  
−
! word || || gloss
  
 
|-
  
|-
  +
| '''k : ' ''' || ojok || neck || ojo' || testicle
−
| ndeen || - || stove (sg)
  
 
|-
  
|-
  +
| '''q : ' ''' || yoq || to be left over || yo' || to move
−
| teen || - || stove (pl)
  
−
|}
  
−  
−
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left"
  
−
! word || || gloss
  
 
|-
  
|-
−
| ndiig || - || rainy season (sg)
 +
| '''d : j''' || deg || to cut || jeg || to have
 
|-
  
|-
−
| tiig || - || rainy season (pl)
 +
| '''j : g''' || || || ||
−
|}
  
−  
−
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left"
  
−
! word || || gloss
  
 
|-
  
|-
−
| nɟɔŋg || - || bed (sg)
 +
| '''nd : nj''' || || || ||
 
|-
  
|-
−
| cɔŋg || - || bed (pl)
 +
| '''nj : ng''' || || || ||
−
|}
  
−  
−
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left"
  
−
! word || || gloss
  
 
|-
  
|-
  +
| '''ng : nq''' || ngas || pl. to dig || nqas || pl. to berate
−
| nduus || - || knife (sg)
  
 
|-
  
|-
−
| ruus || - || knife (pl)
 +
| '''ɗ : ʄ''' || || || ||
−
|}
  
−  
−
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left"
  
−
! word || || gloss
  
−
|-
  
−
| gin || - || egg
  
 
|-
  
|-
−
| giɲ || - || (be) full
 +
| '''ƭ : ƈ''' || || || ||
 
|}
  
|}
   
 
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left"
  
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left"
−
! word || || gloss
 +
! Contrast || Item 1 || Gloss || Item 2 || Gloss
 
|-
  
|-
  +
| '''m : mb''' || kam || to be crooked || kamb || pits, holes
−
| lug || - || gangrene (?)
  
 
|-
  
|-
−
| luɗ || - || borrow
 +
| '''n : nd''' || || || ||
−
|}
  
−  
−
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left"
  
−
! word || || gloss
  
 
|-
  
|-
−
| atɛƥ || - || rain
 +
| '''ñ : nj''' || || || ||
 
|-
  
|-
  +
| '''ŋ : ng''' || ŋas || to play || ngas || pl. to dig
−
| atɛɓ || - || small (class x)
  
−
|}
  
−  
−
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left"
  
−
! word || || gloss
  
 
|-
  
|-
−
| atɛɓ || - || small (class x)
+
| '''ñ : ŋ''' || || || ||
 
|-
  
|-
−
| adɛɓ || - || small (class y)
+
| '''n : ñ''' || riin || front || ||
−
|}
  
−  
−
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left"
  
−
! word || || gloss
  
−
|-
  
−
| χal || - || make a mistake, misspeak
  
 
|-
  
|-
  +
| '''ñ : ŋ''' || ñaay || to be spicy || ŋaay || to climb, mount
−
| kal || - || a mistake
  
 
|}
  
|}
   
 
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left"
  
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left"
−
! word || || gloss
 +
! Contrast || Item 1 || Gloss || Item 2 || Gloss
 
|-
  
|-
−
| (mɛhɛ) χɔ:χa || - || 'I'm cultivating'
 +
| '''l : r''' || || || ||
 
|-
  
|-
−
| (inwɛ) ɴɢɔ:χa || - || 'We're cultivating'
 +
| '''w : b''' || || || ||
−
|}
  
−  
−
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left"
  
−
! word || || gloss
  
 
|-
  
|-
−
| fa:ɲik || - || elephant (sg)
 +
| '''l : n''' || || || ||
 
|-
  
|-
−
| pa:ɲik || - || elephant (pl)
 +
| '''l : nd''' || || || ||
−
|}
  
−  
−
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left"
  
−
! word || || gloss
  
−
|-
  
−
| ʄu:d || - || thunder
  
 
|-
  
|-
−
| ɗu:d || - || swallow
 +
| '''y : j''' || || || ||
 
|}
  
|}
   
  +
==Consonants==
−
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left"
  
−
! word || || gloss
  
−
|-
  
−
| ɗat || - || pick fruit
  
−
|-
  
−
| ƭat || - || (be) right
  
−
|}
  
   
 
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left"
  
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left"
 
! word || || gloss
  
! word || || gloss
 
|-
  
|-
−
| ɗat || - || pick fruit
 +
| tadik || - || three
 
|-
  
|-
−
| ɗap || - || wash laundry
 +
| ndiit || - || bird
 
|}
  
|}
   
Line 256: Line 142:
 
! word || || gloss
  
! word || || gloss
 
|-
  
|-
−
| dam || - || hold sth. for
 +
| ngol || - || finger
 
|-
  
|-
−
| daɓ || - || bellybutton
 +
| onqool || - || moon
 
|}
  
|}
   
Line 264: Line 150:
 
! word || || gloss
  
! word || || gloss
 
|-
  
|-
−
| ɗaj || - || happiness
 +
| ƥaak || - || baobab tree
 
|-
  
|-
−
| ɓaj || - || blow
 +
| ɓaak || - || baobab fruit
 
|}
  
|}
   
Line 272: Line 158:
 
! word || || gloss
  
! word || || gloss
 
|-
  
|-
−
| gar || - || come
 +
| jimb || - || to transplant
 
|-
  
|-
−
| gaʔ || - || see
 +
| cimb || - || seedlings
−
|}
  
−  
−
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left"
 
−
! word || || gloss
  
−
|-
  
−
| naf || - || hit
  
 
|-
  
|-
−
| nag || - || pick up
 +
| akim || - || song
 
|}
  
|}
−  
−
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left"
 
−
! word || || gloss
  
−
|-
  
−
| rɛf || - || be
  
−
|-
  
−
| gɛf || - || crack, break
  
−
|}
  
−  
−
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left"
 
−
! word || || gloss
  
−
|-
  
−
| tok || - || on, on top of
  
−
|-
  
−
| ɓok || - || (be) pigeon-toed
  
−
|}
  
−  
−
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left"
 
−
! word || || gloss
  
−
|-
  
−
| aʄɛwa || - || He gets water from a well
  
−
|-
  
−
| aƈɛwa || - || They get water from a well
  
−
|}
  
−  
−
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left"
 
−
! word || || gloss
  
−
|-
  
−
| afo:la || - || He jumps
  
−
|-
  
−
| ambo:la || - || They jump
  
−
|}
  
−  
−
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left"
 
−
! word || || gloss
  
−
|-
  
−
| abuga || - || He loves
  
−
|-
  
−
| ambuga || - || They love
  
−
|}
  
−  
−
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left"
 
−
! word || || gloss
  
−
|-
  
−
| awa:ɗa || - || He looks for
  
−
|-
  
−
| amba:ɗa || - || They look for
  
−
|}
  
−  
−
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left"
 
−
! word || || gloss
  
−
|-
  
−
| ɟik || - || buy
  
−
|-
  
−
| ɗik || - || two
  
−
|}
  
−  
−
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left"
 
−
! word || || gloss
  
−
|-
  
−
| aɟika || - || He buys
  
−
|-
  
−
| aɲɟika || - || They buy
  
−
|}
  
−  
−
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left"
 
−
! word || || gloss
  
−
|-
  
−
| ɓood || - || to crawl
  
−
|-
  
−
| ƥood || - || snake (lit. 'crawler')
  
−
|}
  
−  
−
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left"
 
−
! word || || gloss
  
−
|-
  
−
| qɔχ || - || bulls
  
−
|-
  
−
|ɴɢɔχ || - || a bull
  
−
|}
  
−  
−
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left"
 
−
! word || || gloss
  
−
|-
  
−
| laac || - || to ask for
  
−
|-
  
−
|laƈ || - || a limp
  
−
|-
  
−
| laʄ || - || to limp
  
−
|}
  
−  
−  
−
==Vowels==
  
   
 
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left"
  
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left"
 
! word || || gloss
  
! word || || gloss
 
|-
  
|-
−
| daɓ || - || belly button
 +
| oqol || - || field
 
|-
  
|-
−
| deɓ || - || rain
 +
| okol || - || glue (Fr.)
 
|}
  
|}
   
Line 389: Line 176:
 
! word || || gloss
  
! word || || gloss
 
|-
  
|-
−
| faɗ || - || to slap
 +
| mbind || - || house (sg)
 
|-
  
|-
−
| fiɓ || - || to sift
 +
| pind || - || house (pl)
 
|}
  
|}
   
 
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left"
  
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left"
 
! word || || gloss
  
! word || || gloss
−
|-
  
−
| naf || - || to hit
  
−
|-
  
−
| nof || - || ear
  
−
|}
  
−  
−
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left"
  
−
! word || || gloss
  
−
|-
  
−
| sak || - || to hold something
  
 
|-
  
|-
 
| suk || - || boat
  
| suk || - || boat
−
|}
  
−  
−
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left"
  
−
! word || || gloss
  
 
|-
  
|-
−
| gen || - || to live
 +
| sug || - || pound millet
−
|-
  
−
| gin || - || egg
  
−
|-
  
−
| gon || - || name
  
−
|-
  
−
| gum || - || to have a mouth full of water
  
 
|}
  
|}
   
Line 425: Line 192:
 
! word || || gloss
  
! word || || gloss
 
|-
  
|-
−
| liƥ || - || fish
 +
| fiɗel || - || fire (sg)
 
|-
  
|-
−
| luƥ || - || a borrowing
 +
| piɗel || - || fire (pl)
−
|}
  
−  
−
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left"
  
−
! word || || gloss
  
−
|-
  
−
| log || - || to have a mouth full of food
  
−
|-
  
−
| lug || - || abscess
  
−
|}
  
−  
−
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left"
  
−
! word || || gloss
  
−
|-
  
−
| xas || - || to scold
  
−
|-
  
−
| xaas || - || to fart
  
−
|}
  
−  
−
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left"
  
−
! word || || gloss
  
−
|-
  
−
| ten || - || he/she/it
  
−
|-
  
−
| teen || - || breast
  
 
|}
  
|}
   
Line 459: Line 202:
 
| gin || - || egg
  
| gin || - || egg
 
|-
  
|-
−
| giiñ || - || to swear an oath
 +
| giñ || - || (be) full
 
|}
  
|}
   
Line 465: Line 208:
 
! word || || gloss
  
! word || || gloss
 
|-
  
|-
−
| liƥ || - || fish
 +
| ateƥ || - || rain
 
|-
  
|-
−
| liiɓ || - || to measure
 +
| ateɓ || - || small
 
|}
  
|}
   
Line 473: Line 216:
 
! word || || gloss
  
! word || || gloss
 
|-
  
|-
−
| χooχ || - || to cultivate
 +
| ɗat || - || pick fruit
 
|-
  
|-
−
| χoχ || - || head
 +
| aƭat || - || road
 
|}
  
|}
   
−
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left"
 +
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left"
 
! word || || gloss
  
! word || || gloss
 
|-
  
|-
−
| luƥ || - || a borrowing
 +
| tok || - || on, on top of
 
|-
  
|-
−
| aluuƥ || - || a flute
 +
| ɓok || - || (be) pigeon-toed
−
|}
  
−  
−
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left"
  
−
! word || || gloss
  
−
|-
  
−
| poj || - || tomb
  
−
|-
  
−
| paj || - || sarong
  
 
|}
  
|}

Latest revision as of 17:14, 28 April 2013

The list below shows some minimal or near minimal pairs.

Minimal Pairs

Consonant and vowel minimal pairs are given here to justify contrasts that one might find worthy of scrutiny.

Contrast Item 1 Gloss Item 2 Gloss
i : ii liƥ fish liiƥ to measure
e : ee ref to be reef to follow
o : oo dor to fold door to start
u : uu xuf to startle xuuf to cut short
a : aa kaf joke kaaf millet plants
i : e wil hair wel to be sharp
ii : ee xiiñ to squint xeeñ heart, lung
e : a sex to carve off sax insult
ee : aa meeɓ to pick up maaɓ to lie on
a : o sax insult sox to hull millet by pounding
aa : oo aqaal boat sp. aqool standing dead tree trunk
o : u sox to dehusk millet sux to plug a hole
oo : uu ɓooɓ family name ɓuuɓ to be cold
Contrast Item 1 Gloss Item 2 Gloss
p : b pac to remove foreskin bac to winnow
t : d taxan to cause for someone daxan to search for firewood
c : j cimb seedling jimb to transplant seedlings
k : g suk boat sug to pound millet
b : mb bind to write mbind house
d : nd roxod to take off of head roxond to put on head
j : nj
g : ng ɗag to hang ɗang to be stuck (in a tree)
p : ƥ pog trap ƥog pl. to bathe
t : ƭ teen stoves ƭeen breasts
c : ƈ oxiic jujube oxiiƈ bone
b : ɓ
d : ɗ dox to be first ɗox to burn (intr.)
j : ʄ
ƥ : ɓ ƥaak baobab tree ɓaak baobab fruit
ƭ : ɗ ƭaaf daaf tree ɗaaf daaf
ƈ : ʄ
t : c
c : k
k : q
k : ' ojok neck ojo' testicle
q : ' yoq to be left over yo' to move
d : j deg to cut jeg to have
j : g
nd : nj
nj : ng
ng : nq ngas pl. to dig nqas pl. to berate
ɗ : ʄ
ƭ : ƈ
Contrast Item 1 Gloss Item 2 Gloss
m : mb kam to be crooked kamb pits, holes
n : nd
ñ : nj
ŋ : ng ŋas to play ngas pl. to dig
ñ : ŋ
n : ñ riin front
ñ : ŋ ñaay to be spicy ŋaay to climb, mount
Contrast Item 1 Gloss Item 2 Gloss
l : r
w : b
l : n
l : nd
y : j

Consonants

word gloss
tadik - three
ndiit - bird
word gloss
ngol - finger
onqool - moon
word gloss
ƥaak - baobab tree
ɓaak - baobab fruit
word gloss
jimb - to transplant
cimb - seedlings
akim - song
word gloss
oqol - field
okol - glue (Fr.)
word gloss
mbind - house (sg)
pind - house (pl)
word gloss
suk - boat
sug - pound millet
word gloss
fiɗel - fire (sg)
piɗel - fire (pl)
word gloss
gin - egg
giñ - (be) full
word gloss
ateƥ - rain
ateɓ - small
word gloss
ɗat - pick fruit
aƭat - road
word gloss
tok - on, on top of
ɓok - (be) pigeon-toed
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