Difference between revisions of "Consonants"
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| − | {| class="wikitable IPA" style="margin: 0 auto;" |
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| − | |- |
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| − | ! colspan="2"| |
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| − | ! Labial |
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| − | ! Alveolar |
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| − | ! Palatal |
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| − | ! Velar |
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| − | ! Uvular |
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| − | ! Glottal |
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| − | |- |
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| − | !rowspan="5"| Stops |
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| − | !class="small"| V'less |
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| − | | p |
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| − | | t |
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| − | | c~ʧ |
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| − | | k |
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| − | | q |
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| − | | ʔ |
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| − | |- |
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| − | !class="small"| Voiced |
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| − | | b |
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| − | | d |
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| − | | ɟ~ʤ |
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| − | | g |
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| − | | |
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| − | | |
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| − | |- |
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| − | !class="small"| Implosive |
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| − | | ɓ |
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| − | | ɗ |
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| − | | ʄ |
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| − | | |
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| − | | |
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| − | | |
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| − | |- |
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| − | !class="small"| Voiceless Implosive |
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| − | | ƥ |
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| − | | ƭ |
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| − | | ƈ |
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| − | | |
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| − | | |
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| − | | |
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| − | |- |
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| − | !class="small"| Prenasalized |
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| − | | ᵐb |
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| − | | ⁿd |
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| − | | ⁿɟ |
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| − | | ⁿg |
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| − | | |
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| − | | |
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| − | |- |
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| − | !colspan="2"| Nasal |
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| − | | m |
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| − | | n |
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| − | | ɲ |
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| − | | ŋ |
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| − | | |
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| − | | |
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| − | |- |
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| − | !colspan="2"| Fricative |
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| − | | f |
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| − | | s |
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| − | | |
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| − | | |
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| − | | χ~h |
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| − | | |
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| − | |- |
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| − | !colspan="2"| Tap/Trill |
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| − | | |
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| − | | ɾ~r |
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| − | | |
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| − | | |
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| − | | |
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| − | | |
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| − | |- |
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| − | !colspan="2"| Liquid |
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| − | | |
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| − | | l |
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| − | | |
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| − | | |
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| − | | |
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| − | | |
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| − | |- |
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| − | !colspan="2"| Implosive lateral |
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| − | | |
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| − | | ɗl |
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| − | | |
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| − | | |
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| − | | |
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| − | | |
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| − | |- |
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| − | !colspan="2"| Glide |
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| − | | ʋ~β̞~w |
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| − | | |
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| − | | j |
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| − | | |
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| − | | |
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| − | | |
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| − | |- |
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| − | |} |
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| − | |||
| − | Notes: |
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| − | *The modal voice palatal stops tend to be pronounced as affricates word initially, and stops elsewhere. The implosive palatal stops do not exhibit this alternation. |
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| − | */r/ can be pronounced as either a tap/flap, or a trill. In slower or more careful speech, the trill is more likely to surface. |
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| − | *The labial glide is not exactly [w], but there may in fact be velar co-articulation. Note that in certain morpho-phonological alternations, /w/ and /k/ pattern together, as well as /w/, /b/ and /p/. |
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| − | * The back fricative /χ/ is alternately pronounced as [χ] or [h]. In quicker speech, [h] is more likely to surface, with [χ] being the more common allophone in slower or more careful speech. |
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| − | * In quick speech, the prenasalized stop /ɲɟ/ is often pronounced as [ɲj]. |
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| − | * /k/ sometime has a backed allophone [q] in the presence of the vowels /a/ or /o/. It is not yet clear whether every instance of [q] is an allophone of /k/, or if there is a phonemic contrast in some environments. |
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| − | * The voiceless (non-implosive) stops are pronounced as alternately aspirated, unaspirated, or lightly ejective. The conditioning environments for this allophony are not yet completely clear. |
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| − | * Initially (and of course medially), the voiced stops are fully voiced, with voicing and closure being essentially simultaneous. |
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| − | * Voiced stops (implosive, modal, and prenasalized) undergo some degree of word- or phrase-final devoicing in quick speech. Tentatively, this does not seem to cause complete devoicing, avoiding neutralization with the voiceless stops. |
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| − | |||
| − | ===Minimal Pairs=== |
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