Abbreviations and symbols used in the Arapaho dictionary and texts

- indicates that the form cited is a verb stem; e.g. bee3h- vta to bless s.o.
= separates a possessor prefix in the citation form of a dependent noun (one that must have a prefix because it must be possessed by someone); e.g. b=énes ni arm
1 first person ('I,' 'me,' 'my')
2 second person ('you,' 'your')
3 third person ('he,' 'him,' 'his,' 'she,' 'her,' 'it,' 'its')
3 pl third person plural ('they,' 'them,' 'their')
3' third person obviative ('the other one')
1:3 a verb with a first person subject ('I') and a third person object ('him,' 'her,' 'it')
3:3' a verb with a third person subject ('he,' 'she') and a third person obviative object ('the other one')
1 poss. first person possessor, 'my,' often used when citing family members and other nouns which must be possessed by someone, e.g. n=ei'béhe na grandmother (1 poss.) [my grandmother].
3 poss. obv. third person possessor, 'his or hers,' which causes an animate noun to become obviative, e.g. hiteseiw na his sister, where hi- indicates third person possessor ('his') and -w indicates obviative.
na animate noun
ni inanimate noun
pl plural
pres. present tense of a verb
pv preverb
s.o. someone; used to indicate an animate object in an English gloss; e.g. ce3kóóh- vta to run away from s.o.
s.t. something; used to indicate an inanimate object in an English gloss; e.g. benii3ít- vti to drink s.t.
vai animate instransitive verb; takes an animate subject
vii inanimate intransitive verb; takes an inanimate subject
vta transitive animate verb; takes an animate object
vti transitive inanimate verb; takes an inanimate object