Contemporary Speakers

There are many hundreds of speakers of the Arapaho language. I have listed here those with whom I have worked, and whose voices contributed to the audio dictionary I am developing and the texts I have collected.

In the audio dictionary, speakers are identified by their initials, as follows:

• AB = Annette Bell
• AO = Alvena Oldman
• AS = Ardilene Spotted Elk
• CG = Charles Gambler
• DG = Dorothy Gambler
• EW = Edward Willow
• FG = Felix Groesbeck
• GM = Gladys Moss
• HA = Howard Antelope
• IG = Irma Groesbeck
• JA = Joseph "Big Joe" Antelope
• JG = John Goodman
• LD = Lloyd Dewey
• LM = Leonard Moss
• MS = Mark Soldier Wolf
• MU = Mary Kate Underwood
• RG = Ruth M. Goggles
• WaC = Wayne C'Hair
• WiC = William J. C'Hair
• ZM = Zona Moss

Speakers consulted by A.L. Kroeber and T. Michelson (early 1900s)

Kroeber and Michelson wrote down stories they heard from Arapaho speakers in the early 1900s. Their notebooks are now stored in the National Anthropological Archives. Edited versions appear on this web site.

Authors of these texts are identified by their initials, as follows. When the author is not evident, it is listed as "Unknown" (U).

• B = "Blindy," an elderly man (Southern Arapaho)
• BC = Black Coyote (Southern Arapaho)
• CE = Caspar Edson (Southern Arapaho)
• CW = Cleaver Warden (Southern Arapaho)
• O = Osage (Southern Arapaho)
• PR = Philip Rapid (Southern Arapaho)
• RW = Run-in-the-water (Northern Arapaho)
• S = Wife of William Shakespear's father (Northern Arapaho)
• TB = Tall Bear (Southern Arapaho)
• W = A group of two or three elderly woman (unnamed) (Northern Arapaho)