- a
- (2) the indefinite article (used before consonantal initial of
the following word); in these (2) usages indicating 'one kind of'
"representation" of 'one kind of' "scorpion" (this kind of
representation and the kind of scorpion are specified in the
following sentence).
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- abstract
- (2) noun; 'summary; epitome; synopsis; A statement summarizing
the important points of a text.' [Middle English, from Latin
abstractus, past participle of abstrahere, to draw away : abs-,
ab-, away; see AB-1 + trahere, to draw.] [apo-. Important
derivatives are: of, off, ebb, apo-, after, post-, deposit,
dispose, impose, oppose, position, positive, post2, post3, suppose.
AB-1, from Latin ab, ab-, away from.]
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- all
- (1) adjective; 'the total number of'; "... from all historical
periods ..."; this might have been written "from the major
historical periods", except that this might imply adherence to a
particular periodization scheme.
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- an
- (2) the indefinite article (used before vocalic initial of the
following word); in these (2) usages indicating (1) 'one kind of'
"examination" (the object and kind of this examination is specified
in context); (2) 'one kind of' "early ... relation".
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- ancient
- (1) adjective (formal); 'old, in times long past'. "... the
ancient equinoctial position ..."; "ancient" is used here in
preference to the colloquial 'old' due to formal context, and in
exclusion of the colloquial connotations of 'old', e.g. 'tired,
uninteresting ...'. [Middle English auncien, from Old French, from
Vulgar Latin *anteanus : Latin ante, before; see ant- below +
-anus, adj. and n. suffix. ant- 'front, forehead'. Inflected form
(locative singular) *anti 'against', with derivatives meaning in
front of, before; also end. Cf. ANCIENT, ANTE, ANTE-, ANTERIOR;
ADVANCE, from Latin ante, before, in front of, against.]
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- and
- (2) conjunction; (1) "[...] graphic, semantic, and phonological
perspectives.": used here before the final of the three listed
terms, elipsed before the first two terms; (2) "cognacy of Chinese
chen2 and 'scorpion' words": use here is necessitated as in the
previous, which is necessitated by "cognacy" in the construction
"cognacy of ... and ... ". [Middle English, from Old English. See
en below. en 'in'. Possibly suffixed zero-grade form *n-dha. AND,
from Old English and 'and', from Germanic *anda, *unda. [Pokorny 1.
en 311.]].
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- Antares
- (1) noun; 'astronym; a giant, red, double and variable star,
the brightest in the constellation Scorpio, about 424 light-years
from Earth.' [Greek antarhs : anti, instead of; see ANTI- + Arhs,
Ares, Mars.] For more on the etymology of this word, see Cook
(1996:37, 179 n.85, 181 n. 90b.) This name is the common scientific
designation for the star in English, also called "alpha-Scorpii",
"alpha-Scorpionis", "alpha-Scorpio", informally "alpha-Sco.", and
less commonly "Cor Scorpionis" and "The Heart of the Scorpion".
Coordinates. Astro-
photos. Excerpt from modern Chinese Star
Chart (after Wang Li).
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- as
- (1) conjunction; 'in the (same) manner in which'; "[...] a
representation of a scorpion in striking position as [it would
appear when (it might be)] seen [when it is positioned] in
profile". [Middle English, from Old English ealswa. See ALSO.
Middle English, from Old English ealswa : eall, all; see al-3 below
+ swa 'so'; see SO1. al-3 Suffixed form *al-na-. ALL; ALSO, from
Old English all, eall, eal-, al-, all, from Germanic *allaz; Middle
English, from Old English swa. See swo- below. swo-. Pronominal
stem; so. Derivative of s(w)e-.1.a. SO, from Old English swa, so;
b. SUCH, from Old English swylc, such, from Germanic compound
*swa-lhk- 'so like', of the same kind (*lhk-, same; see lhk-).]
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- basis
- (1) noun; 'foundation or underlying structure upon which
something exists or proceeds, or from which something proceeds';
"On the basis of an examination of the extant Chinese material
[...]"; the "basis" for the demonstrations in this study is logical
critical examination of traditional material. [Middle English, from
Latin, from Greek. See gwa- below. gwa-. Important derivatives are:
come, welcome, become, adventure, convene, convenient, event,
invent, prevent, revenue, souvenir, base, basis, acrobat, diabetes.
Suffixed zero-grade form *gwm-yo-. BASE1 (Middle English, from Old
French, from Latin ...), BASIS; ABASIA, ACROBAT, ADIABATIC,
AMPHISBAENA, ANABAENA, BATOPHOBIA, (DIABASE), DIABETES, HYPERBATON,
KATABATIC, STEREOBATE, STYLOBATE, from Greek bainein, to go, walk,
step, with basis (< *gwm-ti-), a stepping, tread, base, -batos
(< *gwm-to-), going, and -baths (< *gw@-to-, zero-grade of
*gwa-), agential suffix, 'one that goes or treads, one that is
based'.]
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- bears
- (1) verb; infinitive: to bear 'to hold up, support, carry; to
exert pressure, force, or influence'; "[...] this representation
bears directly upon [...] traditions [...] "; the verb 'to bear'
here occurs in the formal (legalistic) phrasal (separable, with
adverbial intensifying infix) semitransitive construction 'to bear
upon someone/something', 'to be in a state in which the
weight/significance of one's being is directed upon or derives from
someone/something'. When one carries something, be it a word
carrying a meaning (words conveying an argument) or person carrying
a physical object, the weight of the carried object is directed
through the carrier to the basis. The phrase 'to bear upon' is much
the same as 'to relate to' (meaning 'to have a connection with',
and similar to 'to depend upon', though lacking some of the causal
emphasis of the latter. (See OED 1971:733 sense 32, 'To exert a
practical effect or influence on or upon, to tend to affect; to
have reference to, relate to, come into practical contact with,
touch.'). [Middle English beren, from Old English beran. See bher-1
below. bher-1. Important derivatives are: bear, burden, birth,
bring, fertile, differ, offer, prefer, suffer, transfer, furtive,
metaphor; bher-1. To carry; also to bear children. 1.a. (i) BEAR,
from Old English beran, to carry; (ii) FORBEAR, from Old English
forberan, to bear, endure (for-, for-; see per1). Both (i) and (ii)
from Germanic *beran;b. BIER, from Old English ber, baer 'bier',
and Old French biere 'bier', both from Germanic *bero; c. BORE,
from Old Norse bara, wave, billow, from Germanic *bar-.]
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- betray
- (1) verb; infinitive: to betray 'to make known in a breach of
trust or confidence,to make known unintentionally or incidentally,
to reveal against one's specific desire or will.' "[...] certain
stellar concepts betray the likelihood of an early [...] relation
[...]". The meaning of 'betray' here ('hand over') is that of
'reveal' ('display'). If *the problem to be solved* is the enemy to
be vanquished, then any help the problem lends us towards its
solution is a betrayal of its problematic state, effected in
consort with the enemy. 'betray' is used here also for its broader
connotations: admission of possible early significant foreign
influence might be viewed as a betrayal. "[...] stellar concepts
betray the likelihood [...]", here bets are hedged in a preliminary
and somewhat defensive preemptive posture. "This is what the facts
(as they appear to best present estimation) suggest. One may find
oneself betrayed ..." [Middle English bitrayen : bi-, be- + trayen,
to betray (from Old French trair, from Latin tradere, to hand over;
see TRADITION). Middle English tradicion, from Old French, from
Latin traditio, tradition-, from traditus, past participle of
tradere, to hand over, deliver, entrust : tra-, trans-, trans- +
dare, to give; see do- below. do-. Important derivatives are: date,
add, betray, edition, rent, surrender, tradition, traitor, vend,
donation, pardon, endow, dose, antidote. do-. To give. Contracted
from *do@-. 1.a. Zero-grade form *d@-. DADO, DATE, DATIVE, DATUM,
DIE2; ADD, (BETRAY), EDITION, PERDITION, RENDER, (RENT1),
(SURRENDER), TRADITION, (TRAITOR), (TREASON), VEND, from Latin
dare, to give; b. Greek dosis, something given.]
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- breast
- (1) noun; 'thorax, chest (the superior ventral surface of the
human body, extending from the neck to the abdomen; a corresponding
part in other animals.)'; "Breast of the Celestial Scorpion": this
is an astronym, demonstrated in the present study to exist in both
early China and Mesopotamia. See Cook (1996:38ff.) [Middle English
brest, from Old English breost, Old Saxon briost, breost. The term
is confined to Teutonic, there being no common Indo-European word
for the breast (Latin mamma). OED (1971:1077): "May be related to
Old Saxon brustian 'to bud' [...] Kluge Beitrage
VIII.510."]
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- celestial
- (1) adjective; 'of or relating to the sky or the heavens';
"Breast of the Celestial Scorpion": this is an astronym,
demonstrated in the present study to exist in both early China and
Mesopotamia. See Cook (1996:38ff.) The formal term "celestial" is
here used in exclusion of the connotations of colloquial
"heavenly"; "stellar" does have some loose common usage, though
insufficient to warrant its exclusion from formal writing. [Middle
English, from Old French, from Medieval Latin celestialis, from
Latin caelestis, from caelum, sky.]
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- certain
- (1) adjective; 'definite, though here (in this abstract)
unmentioned'; "[...] certain stellar concepts [...]". [Middle
English, from Old French, from Vulgar Latin *certEnus, from Latin
certus, past participle of cernere, to determine. See krei- below.
krei-. Important derivatives are: riddle, garble, crime, criminal,
discriminate, certain, concern, decree, discern, excrement, secret,
crisis, critic,, hypocrisy; Suffixed zero-grade form *kri-no-
(participial form *kri-to-). CERTAIN; CONCERN, DECREE, DISCERN,
(EXCREMENT), EXCRETE, (INCERTITUDE), RECREMENT, SECERN, SECRET,
from Latin cernere (perfect crevi; past participle cretus), to
sift, separate, decide. Suffixed zero-grade form *kri-n-yo-.
CRISIS, CRITIC, CRITERION; APOCRINE, DIACRITIC, ECCRINE, ENDOCRINE,
EPICRITIC, EXOCRINE, HEMATOCRIT, HYPOCRISY, from Greek krinein, to
separate, decide, judge (> krinesthai, to explain). [Pokorny 4.
sker-, Section II. 945.]]
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- chen2
- (3) noun (Chinese
 ); graphic, semantic and phonological
developments of this word are the subject of the monograph (Cook,
1996). The number "2" in the pinyin romanization "chen2" indicates
that the tone is rising.
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- Chinese
- (4) adjective; 'of or relating to China or its peoples,
languages, or cultures'; from the noun: China 'a country of eastern
Asia'. The name "China" is sometimes explained as deriving from the
name of the short-lived yet highly influential state of Qin2
(221-206; Middle Chinese dzjen1 -> Modern Standard Beijing
tci)hin35), under which the region of the central plain is said to
have received its first widespread political unification. Cp. Sino-
pref. Chinese: Sinology. [From Late Latin Sinae 'the Chinese', from
Greek Sinai, from Arabic Sin 'China', probably from Chinese Qin
'the first dynasty (221-206 B.C.) under which China was united'.]
-ese 'suffix. Of, relating to, characteristic of, or originating in
a specified place'. Middle English, from Italian -ese, from Latin
-ensis, originating in.]
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- cognacy
- (1) noun; 'the state of being cognate'; cognate 'adjective;
related by blood; having a common ancestor; related in origin, as
certain words in genetically related languages descended from the
same ancestral root'; "For general principles and terminology,
Matisoff (Variational semantics in Tibeto-Burman, 1978) may
be quoted: '... cognacy is a special case of inter-lingual
allofamy, such that cognates can be traced back not only to the
same proto-word family, but to one and the same proto-allofam in
that proto-family. (p.17) ... allofams of a true word-family must
show both a phonological and semantic resemblance that is due to a
common genetic heritage. (p.21)' "Allofam" is [ ... ] within
Chinese, sometimes equivalent to [ ... ] 'a member of a given
phonetic series', though there may not always be a shared root
among members of a series. (Cook 1996:214 n.170) [co-, Middle
English, from Latin, variant of com-, com-. kom. Important
derivatives are: enough, co-, contra-, contrary, counter, country,
encouter. (CO-), COM-, from Old Latin com 'with' (collective and
intensive prefix).] [Latin cognatia (feminine abstract noun);
cognatus : co-, co- + gnatus, born, past participle of nasci, to be
born; see geno- below. geno-. Important derivatives are: kin, king,
kind, kind, gentle, general, generate, genius, engine, genuine,
germ, genital, pregnant, nation, native, nature. Suffixed
zero-grade form *gn@-sko- becoming *gna-sko-. NAIVE, NASCENT,
NATAL, NATION, NATIVE, NATURE, NEE, NOEL; (ADNATE), AGNATE,
COGNATE, CONNATE, ENATE, INNATE, NEONATE, PUISNE, (PUNY),
RENAISSANCE, from Latin gnasci, nasci (present participle nascens,
past participle gnatus, natus), to be born.] [Middle English -cie,
from Old French -cie, -tie, from Latin -cia, -tia and Greek -kia,
-keia, -tia, -teia. Nominal suffix.] [Note the following
noun/adjective pairs: accuracy/accurate, adequacy/adequate,
articulacy/articulate, celibacy/celibate, confederacy/confederate,
contumacy/contumate, degeneracy/degenerate, delicacy/delicate,
determinacy/determinate, effeminacy/effeminate,
episcopacy/episcopate, illegitimacy/illegitimate,
illiteracy/illiterate, immaculacy/immaculate, immediacy/immediate,
immoderacy/immoderate, inaccuracy/inaccurate,
inadequacy/inadequate, inarticulacy/inarticulate,
indelicacy/indelicate, indeterminacy/indeterminate,
innumeracy/innumerate, inordinacy/inordinate,
intermediacy/intermediate, intestacy/intestate, intimacy/intimate,
intricacy/intricate, inveteracy/inveterate, inviolacy/inviolate,
legitimacy/legitimate, literacy/literate, lunacy/lunate,
numeracy/numerate, obduracy/obdurate, obstinacy/obstinate,
piracy/pirate, privacy/private, profligacy/profligate,
semiliteracy/semiliterate, surrogacy/surrogate, testacy/testate,
unregeneracy/unregenerate.] [Nouns in -nancy have a progressive
aspect, whereas those in -acy a perfective or non-progressive.]
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- concepts
- (2) noun (plural); 'ideas, notions, mental associations'; [co-,
Middle English, from Latin, variant of com-, com-. kom. Important
derivatives are: enough, co-, contra-, contrary, counter, country,
encouter. (CO-), COM-, from Old Latin com 'with' (collective and
intensive prefix).] [Late Latin conceptus, from Latin, past
participle of concipere, to conceive. See CONCEIVE. Middle English
conceiven, from Old French concevoir, conceiv-, from Latin
concipere : com-, intensive pref.; see COM- + capere, to take; see
kap- below. kap-. Important derivatives are: have, heavy, haven,
hawk, heave, cable, capable, caption, captive, catch, chase,
accept, conceive, deceive, except, intercept, municipal, occupy,
participate, perceive, receive, recover, capsule, chassis. CABLE,
CAPABLE, CAPACIOUS, CAPIAS, CAPSTAN, CAPTION, CAPTIOUS,
(CAPTIVATE), CAPTIVE, CAPTOR, CAPTURE, CATCH, (CHASE1), ACCEPT,
ANTICIPATE, CONCEIVE, DECEIVE, EXCEPT, INCEPTION, (INCIPIENT),
INTERCEPT, INTUSSUSCEPTION, MUNICIPAL, NUNCUPATIVE, OCCUPY,
PARTICIPATE, PERCEIVE, PRECEPT, RECEIVE, (RECOVER), RECUPERATE,
(RX), SUSCEPTIBLE, from Latin capere, to take, seize, catch.]
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- course
- (1) noun; 'path, route taken, progression from beginning to
end'; "In the course of the present study [...]", 'in the
progression from beginning to end of the present study'. [Middle
English, from Old French cours, from Latin cursus, from past
participle of currere 'to run'. See kers- below. kers- 'to run'.
Zero-grade form *krs-. 1. CORRAL, CORRIDA, CORRIDOR, (CORSAIR),
COURANTE, COURIER, COURSE, CURRENT, CURSIVE, CURSOR, CURULE;
CONCOURSE, CONCUR, DECURRENT, DISCOURSE, EXCURSION, (HUSSAR),
INCUR, INTERCOURSE, OCCUR, PERCURRENT, PRECURSOR, RECOURSE, RECUR,
SUCCOR, from Latin currere 'to run'.]
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- demonstrate
- (1) verb; infinitive: to demonstrate 'to show clearly and
deliberately; to show to be true by reasoning or adducing evidence;
prove; to present by experiments, examples, or practical
application; explain and illustrate'. "[...] it is possible to
demonstrate the cognacy [...]" [Latin demonstrare, demonstrat- :
de-, completely; see DE- + monstrare, to show (from monstrum,
divine portent, from monere, to warn; see men-1 below). men-1.
Important derivatives are: mind, mental, mention, automatic,
memento, comment, reminiscent, mania, mandarin, mint, money,
monitor, monster, monument, muster, admonish, demonstrate,
premonition, summon, mosaic, Muse, museum, music, amnesia, amnesty.
O-grade form *mon-. 1. Suffixed (causative) form *mon-eyo-. MONISH,
MONITION, MONITOR, MONSTER, MONUMENT, MUSTER; ADMONISH,
DEMONSTRATE, PREMONITION, SUMMON, from Latin monere, to remind,
warn, advise. 2. Suffixed o-grade form *mon-tw@. MOSAIC, MUSE,
MUSEUM, MUSIC, from Greek Mousa, a Muse.] [Middle English de-, from
Old French de- or des-;, Old French de-, from Latin de-, from, off,
apart, away, down, out, completely (from de; see de- below) or from
Old French des-, out, off, apart, away, completely (from Latin dis-
'dis-', and Latin de-). de-. Important derivatives are: to, too,
de-, deteriorate. de-. Demonstrative stem, base of prepositions and
adverbs. DE-, from Latin de, de-, from, perhaps from de-.]
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- demonstrated
- (2) verbal adjective (passive participle); 'shown'; see 'demonstrate' above.
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- directly
- (1) adverb; 'with no impediment, lineally'; "[...] bears
directly upon the once vigorous traditions [...]" [Middle English
directen, from Latin dirigere, direct-, to give direction to : di-,
dis-, apart; see DIS- + regere, to guide; see reg- below. reg-.
Important derivatives are: right, realm, rector, rectum, regent,
regime, regiment, region, correct, direct, erect, rectangle,
rectify, surge, rich, regal, reign, royal, maharajah, rail,
regular, regulate, rule, rake, rack, reckon, interrogate,
prerogative, reckless.] [dis- Middle English, from Old French des-,
from Latin dis-, dh-, from dis, apart, asunder.] [Middle English
-li, from Old English -lice (influenced by Old Norse -liga) from
-lic, adj. suff.. See lik- below. lik-. Not, strictly speaking,
Indo-European, since it is represented in only one branch of the
family. Important derivatives are: -ly, -ly, alike, like, each,
likely, frolic, like1. lik- 'body, form; like, same'. Germanic
root. -LY, -LY, from Old English -lic 'having the form of'.]
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- early
- (1) adjective; 'of or belonging to a previous or remote period
of time; of or belonging to the beginning of historical, of or at
some point in prehistorical time'; "an early (pre-OBI)
Sino-Mesopotamian relation"; [Middle English erli, from Old English
aerlice : aer, before; see ayer- below + -lice, adv. suff.; see
-LY2. ayer-. Important derivatives are: early, ere. ayer-. Day,
morning. 1.a. EARLY, ERE, OR, from Old English Lr, before; b. OR,
from Old Norse Er, before. Both a and b from Germanic *airiz.]
[Middle English -li, from Old English -lice (influenced by Old
Norse -liga) from -lic, adj. suff.. See lik- below. lik-. Not,
strictly speaking, Indo-European, since it is represented in only
one branch of the family. Important derivatives are: -ly, -ly,
alike, like, each, likely, frolic, like1. lik- 'body, form; like,
same'. Germanic root. -LY, -LY, from Old English -lic 'having the
form of'.]
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- equinoctial
- (1) adjective; 'of or pertaining to the equinox'; "[...] the
once vigorous traditions relating to the ancient equinoctial
position of the star Antares [...]"; equinox 'noun; either of two
points on the celestial sphere at which the ecliptic intersects the
celestial equator'; [Middle English, from Old French equinoxe, from
Medieval Latin aequinoxium, from Latin aequinoctium : aequi-, equi-
+ nox, noct-, night; see nekw-t- below. nekw-t-. Important
derivatives are: night, nocturnal, equinox. nekw-t-. Night. O-grade
form *nokw-t- NOCTI-, (NOCTURN), NOCTURNAL, EQUINOX, from Latin nox
(stem noct-), night.] [Middle English, from Latin aequi-, from
aequus 'equal'.]
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- etymology
- (1) noun; 'The origin and historical development of a
linguistic form as shown by determining its basic elements,
earliest known use, and changes in form and meaning, tracing its
transmission from one language to another, identifying its cognates
in other languages, and reconstructing its ancestral form where
possible. [Middle English etimologie, from Old French ethimologie,
from Medieval Latin ethimologia, from Latin etymologia, from Greek
etumologia : etumon 'true sense of a word'; see ETYMON + -logia, -logy.] [Latin, from Greek etumon 'true sense of
a word', from etumos 'true'.]
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- examination
- (1) noun; 'inspection'; "[...] an examination of the extant
Chinese material [...]". [Middle English examinen, from Old French
examiner, from Latin examinare, from examen, a weighing out, from
exigere, to weigh out. See EXACT. ag-. Important derivatives are:
act, agent, agile, ambiguous, essay, exact, navigate, agony. ag-.
To drive, draw, move. 1. ACT, AGENDUM, AGENT, AGILE, AGITATE;
(ALLEGE), AMBAGE, AMBIGUOUS, (ASSAY), (CACHE), COAGULUM, COGENT,
ESSAY, EXACT, (EXAMINE), (EXIGENT), FUMIGATE, FUSTIGATE,
INTRANSIGENT, LEVIGATE, LITIGATE, NAVIGATE, OBJURGATE, PRODIGALITY,
RETROACTIVE, SQUAT, TRANSACT, VARIEGATE, from Latin agere, to do,
act, drive, conduct, lead, weigh.] [Middle English, from Old
French, from Latin. See eghs below. eghs. Important derivatives
are: ex-, exotic, external, extra-, strange, extreme. eghs 'out'.
Variant *eks. a. EX, EX-, from Latin ex, ex- 'out of, away from';
b. ECTO-, EXO-, EXOTERIC, EXOTIC; ELECTUARY, SYNECDOCHE, from Greek
ex, ek 'out of, from'.]
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- extant
- (1) adjective; 'still in existence; not destroyed or lost';
"[...] an examination of the extant Chinese material [...]"; [Latin
exstans, exstant-, present participle of exstare 'to stand out, to
stand forth': ex-, ex- + stare 'to stand'; see sta- below. sta-. To
stand; with derivatives meaning 'place or thing that is standing.'
Contracted from *sta@- ESTANCIA, STAGE, STANCE, STANCH, STANCHION,
(STANZA), STATOR, STAY, STET; ARREST, CIRCUMSTANCE, CONSTANT,
CONTRAST, (COST), DISTANT, EXTANT, INSTANT, OBSTACLE, OBSTETRIC,
(OUST), REST, RESTIVE, SUBSTANCE, from Latin stare 'to stand'.]
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- fact
- (1) noun; 'truth, reality'; "[...] is in fact [...]", 'is
indeed', 'is without a doubt'; [Latin factum, deed, from neuter
past participle of facere, to do. See dhe- below. dhe-. Important
derivatives are: do, deed, doom, -dom, deem, fact, factor, fashion,
feat, feature, affair, affect, affection, amplify, benefit, defeat,
defect, effect, efficient, infect, justify, modify, notify,
perfect, profit, qualify, sacrifice, face, surface, difficulty,
thesis, theme. Suffixed zero-grade form dh@-k-. a. -FACIENT, FACT,
...]
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- form
- (1) noun; 'shape'; "[...] took peculiar Chinese form [...]";
usage here is in the phrasal expression 'to take (a certain) form'.
The common ideas were put to particular Chinese use, given unique
Chinese embodiment. [Middle English forme, from Latin forma. Cp.
Greek morphe 'form', by metathesis?]
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- from
- (2) preposition; "[...] from [...] perspectives [...]"; "[...]
material from all historical periods [...]"; 'to look at an object
*from* a certain perspective' is 'to view an object when one is
*positioned in* a certain mental circumstance or attitude, remote
from the observed object'; 'material *from* a given historical
period' is 'material derivative of a given historical source, come
down to us through time'. [Middle English, from Old English. See
per1 below. Extended form *pro. FRO; (FROWARD), from Old Norse fra
'from', from Germanic *fra 'forward, away from'; (see ed-, eik-)
Germanic *fra-, completely. Suffixed form *pro-mo-. a. FROM, from
Old English from 'from', from Germanic *fram 'from'].
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- graphic
- (1) adjective; 'of or relating to written
or pictorial representation'; "[...] from graphic, semantic, and
phonological perspectives [...]"; the graphic perspective is
devoted to determining the relations of the allographs (variant
forms) of the various characters. The Chinese graphs discussed in
the present study include those from Bronze, Oracle-bone, Pottery
and Stone Inscriptions. [Latin graphicus, from Greek graphikos,
from graphe 'writing', from graphein 'to write'. See gerbh- below.
gerbh-. Important derivatives are: carve, crab, crawl, gram,
grammar, diagram, paragraph, program. Zero-grade form *gabh-.
GRAFFITO, GRAM, -GRAM, GRAMMAR, -GRAPH, -GRAPHER, GRAPHIC, -GRAPHY;
AGRAPHA, AGRAPHIA, ANAGRAM, DIAGRAM, EPIGRAM, (EPIGRAPH), GRAPHITE,
(ICONOGRAPHY), PARAGRAPH, PARALLELOGRAM, PROGRAM, PSEUDEPIGRAPHA,
TETRAGRAMMATON, (TOPOGRAPHY), from Greek graphein 'to scratch,
draw, write', gramma (< *grbh-mn) 'a picture, written letter,
piece of writing', and gramma 'a line'. [Pokorny gerebh-
392.]]
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- historical
- (1) adjective; 'of or relating to the character of history,
which is to say in the present case, primarily of or relating to
the character of written accounts of events'; "historical periods"
are those times from which or with regard to which there are
traditional writings, though in particular, the best historians
should have proximity to either the events they describe, or to
traditions connected with proximate sources regarding those events.
[Middle English histoire, from Old French, from Latin historia,
from Greek, from historein 'to inquire' from histor 'learned man'.
See weid- below. weid-. Important derivatives are: guide, wise,
wisdom, guise, idol, kaleidscope, Hades, wit, unwitting, view,
visa, vision, advice, clairvoyance, envy, evident, interview,
provide, review, supervise, survey, idea, history, story, penguin.
weid- 'to see'. Suffixed form *wid-tor-. HISTORY, (STORY1);
POLYHISTOR, from Greek histor 'wise, learned, learned man'.] [Latin
historicalis, form with adjectival suffix. -al1 suff. Of, relating
to, or characterized by. Middle English, from Old French, from
Latin -alis, adj. suff.]
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- in
- (6) preposition; "In the course of the present study [...]";
"[...] in fact [...]"; "[...] in striking position [...]"; "[...]
in profile [...]"; "[...] in the Breast of the Celestial Scorpion
[...]"; "[...] in Sino-Tibetan [...]". The preposition in these
expressions indicates situation or position with specified
attendant circumstances. [Middle English, from Old English. See en
below. en. Important derivatives are: in, inner, en-, intro-,
enter, intimate, industry, episode, and; en. In. IN1 (preposition),
from Old English in, in; b. IN1 (adverb), from Old English inn
'into', inne 'inside'].
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- is
- (6) verb; infinitive: to be 'to exist (in actuality); have life
or reality'; "[...] pictogram is demonstrated [...]"; "[...] it is
shown [...]"; "[...] sign is in fact [...]"; "[...] It is likewise
shown [...]"; "[...] It is demonstrated [...]"; "[...] it is
possible [...]"; it may be seen that the usage of the third person
singular with participial adjective is that primary herein, in most
cases impersonal (non-human inanimate). [Middle English, from Old
English. See es- below. es-. Important derivatives are: am, is,
yes, soothe, sin, essence, absent, interest, present, proud.
Athematic third person singular form *es-ti. IS, from Old English
is 'is', from Germanic *ist(i).]
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- it
- (4) pronoun; 'third person singular impersonal (non-human
inanimate)' expletive; "[...] it is shown [...]"; "[...] It is
likewise shown that [...]"; "[...] It is demonstrated that [...]";
"[...] it is possible to [...]". In these cases "it"
("expletive-it", "it-extraposed") is used as the impersonal subject
of the existential verb, indirectly introducing (anticipating) the
topic (indirect statement) stated in a subordinate clause
introduced by 'that'. These types of impersonal indirect
constructions are to be used in preference to more direct
constructions, e.g. "I show ..." which might be offensive, as being
too direct. Impersonal statements also have a more authoratative
air in scholastic prose, in which one may wish to objectify one's
conclusions as much as possible, and thereby separate them from any
partiality or personal bias. The sentence "It is explained that
that means this." has the same basic meaning as "I explain to you
that that which that thing means is this." though the latter is too
much of me "in your face". In formal Chinese scholastic writing,
this type of impersonal subject is rendered with "we"; an
"exclusive we" is unacceptable in English, where it resembles the
"royal we". It would seem (to me) that impersonal usages are
preferable in polite and formal discourse. Not all sentences seem
completely acceptable in non-extraposed versions. A.) It is
demonstrated that this is true. B.) ?That this is true, is
demonstrated. C.) *That this is true, it is demonstrated. In A.)
"it" serves an emphatic relative/demonstrative pronomial function
(anticipatory subject), in definite contraposition/correlation to
"that" (see below). Certainly, the B.) example requires a bit of
special context, and the pause between "true" and "is" is
problematic. C.) is unacceptable unless there is a "pregnant
pause": "That this is true, ... . It is demonstrated." "It is
demonstrated that this is true." = "It is demonstrated." + "(What
is 'it'?) That -> (is 'it')." + "This is true." D.) That which
is demonstrated is that this is true. E.) That this is true is that
which is demonstrated. [Middle English, from Old English hit. See
ko- below. ko-. Important derivatives are: he, him, his, her, it,
here, hence, et cetera. ko-. Stem of demonstrative pronoun meaning
'this'. I. Variant form *ki-. 1.a. HE, from Old English he 'he'; b.
HIM, from Old English him, him (dative of hT); c. HIS, from Old
English his, his (genitive of he); d. HER, from Old English hire
'her' (dative and genitive of heo 'she'); e. IT, from Old English
hit 'it' (neuter of he); ]
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- likelihood
- (1) noun; 'probability'; "the likelihood of an early [...]
relation"; [Middle English likly, from Old English geliclic
(reduplicated from gelic, similar) and from Old Norse likligr (from
likr, similar; see lik- below). Middle English -li, from Old
English -lice (influenced by Old Norse -liga) from -lic, adj.
suff.. See lik- below. lik-. Not, strictly speaking, Indo-European,
since it is represented in only one branch of the family. Important
derivatives are: -ly, -ly, alike, like, each, likely, frolic,
like1. lik- 'body, form; like, same'. Germanic root. -LY, -LY, from
Old English -lic 'having the form of'.] [Middle English -hed,
-hode, from Old English *-haede, -had.]
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- likewise
- (1) adverb; 'in the same way; similarly; also'; "It is likewise
shown that [...]"; [Middle English, from like 'similar' (from Old
English gelic and Old Norse likr) and from like 'similarly' (from
Old English gelice, from gelic 'similar'; see lik- below). Middle
English -li, from Old English -lice (influenced by Old Norse -liga)
from -lic, adj. suff.. See lik- below. lik-. Not, strictly
speaking, Indo-European, since it is represented in only one branch
of the family. Important derivatives are: -ly, -ly, alike, like,
each, likely, frolic, like1. lik- 'body, form; like, same'.
Germanic root. -LY, -LY, from Old English -lic 'having the form
of'.] [Middle English, from Old English -whsan, from -whse, manner.
See WISE2. Middle English, from Old English whs. See weid- below.
weid-. Important derivatives are: guide, wise, wisdom, guise, idol,
kaleidscope, Hades, wit, unwitting, view, visa, vision, advice,
clairvoyance, envy, evident, interview, provide, review, supervise,
survey, idea, history, story, penguin. (i) WISE, from Old English
wise, wis 'manner'; (ii) GUISE, from Old French guise 'manner'.
Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic *wissan- 'appearance, form,
manner'. all from Germanic *wissaz.]
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- material
- (1) noun; 'information; information to be refined and
incorporated into a finished effort'; "[...] the extant Chinese
material from all historical periods [...]"; [Middle English,
consisting of matter, material, from Old French, from Late Latin
materialis, from Latin materia, matter. See mater- below. mater-.
Important derivatives are: mother, maternal, maternity,
matriculate, matrix, matron, matrimony, metropolis, material,
matter. mater-. Mother. Based ultimately on the baby-talk form ma-,
with the kinship term suffix *-ter-. MATERIAL, MATTER, from Latin
materies, materia 'tree trunk' (< 'matrix', the tree's source of
growth), hence 'hard timber used in carpentry', hence (by a calque
on Greek hule 'wood, matter') 'substance, stuff, matter'.]
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- nevertheless
- (1) adverb (concessive); 'at any rate, even so, in spite of
that; nonetheless; however'; "while [...], nevertheless [...]";
'even though ..., still'; [Middle English, from Old English naefre
: ne, not; see ne below + aefre, ever; see aiw- below. aiw-.
Important derivatives are: no, ever, every, never, medieval, age,
eternal, eon. aiw-. Vital force, life, long life, eternity; also
'endowed with the acme of vital force, young.' NO, from Old English
na : ne, not; see ne below + from Old English aa, 'ever'; b. AUGHT,
from Old English Ewiht, Euht, anything, 'ever a creature'; c. EVER;
EVERY, NEVER, from Old English Lfre (second element obscure), ever;
d. AYE2; NAY, from Old Norse ei, ever. a, c, and d all from
extended form in Germanic *aiwi; b from Germanic *aiwi + *wihti,
'ever a thing, anything' (*wihti-, thing; see wekti-).] [ne.
Important derivatives are: naught, naughty, neither, never, no, no,
none, nor, not, nothing, nay, annul, nefarious, neuter, nice, null,
nullify, annihilate, non-, neglect, negligee, negotiate, negate,
deny, renegade. ne. Not. 1.a. NAUGHT, (NAUGHTY), NEITHER, NEVER,
NILL, NO, NO, NONE, (NOR1), (NOT), (NOTHING), from Old English ne
'not', and naa 'no'; b. NAY, from Old Norse ne not'; c. NIX, from
Old High German ne, ni 'not'. a, b, and c all from Germanic *ne-,
*na-.]
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- of
- (9) preposition (genetive, possessive marker, see paraphrases
below); "[...] In the course of the present study [...]"='the
present study's course'; "[...] signification of the Chinese chen2
pictogram [...]"='the pictogram's signification'='the signification
inherent to chen2'; "[...] On the basis of an examination
[...]"='[...] based upon examination [...]'=='[...] examination is
the basis [...]'; "[...] examination of the [...] materials
[...]"=='the materials are examined'; "[...] representation of a
scorpion [...]"='scorpion's representation'='the scorpion is
depicted'; "[...] position of the star Antares [...]"='star's
location'; "[...] Breast of the Celestial Scorpion
[...]"='Scorpion's Breast'; "[...] likelihood of an early [...]
relation [...]"='relation's likelihood'='likelihood that there is a
relation'; "[...] the cognacy of Chinese chen2 [...]"='chen2's
cognacy'=='chen2 is cognate with [...]'; [Middle English, from Old
English. See apo- below. apo-. Important derivatives are: of, off,
ebb, apo-, after, post-, deposit, dispose, impose, oppose,
position, positive, post, post, suppose. apo-. Also ap- 'off,
away'. OF, OFF, OFFAL, from Old English of, aef 'off'.]
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- on
- (1) preposition; 'used to indicate position above and supported
by or in contact with'; "On the basis of an examination
[...]"='[...] based upon examination [...]'=='[...] examination is
the basis [...]'; [Middle English, from Old English an, on. See an-
below. an-. Important derivatives are: on, acknowledge, alike,
aloft, onslaught, ana-. an- 'on'. Extended form *ana. ON;
(ACKNOWLEDGE), ALIKE, from Old English an, on, a 'on', and prefixed
on-.]
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- once
- (1) adjective; 'having been at one time in the past, having
been formerly'; "[...] the once vigorous traditions [...]"; [Middle
English ones, from on 'one', from Old English aan. See oi-no-
below. oi-no-. Important derivatives are: a, an, once, one, alone,
atone, lone, lonely, none, eleven, inch, ounce, union, unite,
unity, unanimous, unicorn, universe, any, unique. oi-no-. One,
unique. I. Basic form *oi-no-. 1.a. (A), AN, ONCE, ONE; (ALONE),
ANON, (ATONE), (LONE), (LONELY), NONE, from Old English an 'one'.]
[possessive/adj. ending?]
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- original
- (1) adjective; 'first, primary'; "[...] the original
signification of the [...] pictogram [...]"; [Middle English, from
Old French, from Latin originalis, from origo, origin-, source. See
ORIGIN. Middle English origine, ancestry, from Latin origo,
origin-, from oriri 'to arise, be born'. See er-1 below. er-1.
Important derivatives are: are, earnest, orient, origin, original,
abort. er-1. To move, set in motion. Suffixed form *or-yo-. ORIENT,
ORIGIN, (ORIGINAL); ABORT, from Latin orhrh, to arise, appear, be
born.]
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- peculiar
- (1) adjective; 'unique'; "[...] peculiar Chinese form [...]";
[Middle English peculier, personal, from Latin peculiaris, from
peculium 'private property'. See peku- below. peku-. Important
derivatives are: fellow, fee, pecuniary, peculiar. peku-. Wealth,
movable property. Suffixed form *peku-l-. PECULATE, PECULIAR, from
Latin peculium, riches in cattle, private property. [In Pokorny 2.
pek- 797.]]
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- periods
- (1) noun (plural); 'time intervals'; "[...] from all historical
periods [...]"; [Middle English periode, from Old French, from
Medieval Latin periodus, from Latin perihodos, rhetorical period,
from Greek periodos 'circuit' : peri- 'peri-' + hodos 'way'.]
[Greek, from peri 'around, near'. See per1 below. per1. Important
derivatives are: far, paramount, paradise, for, forth, afford,
further, foremost, former, first, prow, protein, proton, fore,
forefather, before, from, furnish, veneer, purchase, prone,
reciprocal, approach, reproach, approximate, probable, probe,
proof, prove, approve, improve, pre-, private, privilege, privy,
deprive, proper, property, appropriate, premier, primal, primary,
primate, prime, primitive, prince, principal, principle, pristine,
priest. per1. Base of prepositions and preverbs with the basic
meanings of 'forward', 'through', and a wide range of extended
senses such as 'in front of', 'before', 'early', 'first', 'chief',
'toward', 'against', 'near', 'at', 'around.' I. Basic form *per and
extended form *peri. PERI-, from Greek peri 'around, near,
beyond'.]
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- perspectives
- (1) noun (plural); 'view-points'; "[...] phonological
perspectives [...]"; [Middle English, science of optics (influenced
by French perspective, perspective, alteration of Italian
prospettiva, from prospetto, new, from Latin prospectus; see
PROSPECT) from Medieval Latin perspectiva (ars), feminine of
perspectivus 'optical', from perspectus, past participle of
perspicere 'to inspect' : per-, per- + specere 'to look'; see spek-
below. spek-. Important derivatives are: spy, espionage, specimen,
spectacle, spectrum, speculate, aspect, circumspect, conspicuous,
despise, expect, inspect, perspective, prospect, respect, respite,
suspect, species, especial, despicable, skeptic, bishop, telescope.
spek-. 'to observe'. I. Basic form *spek- Suffixed form *spek-yo-.
SPECIMEN, SPECIOUS, SPECTACLE, SPECTRUM, SPECULATE, SPECULUM;
ASPECT, CIRCUMSPECT, CONSPICUOUS, DESPISE, EXPECT, FRONTISPIECE,
INSPECT, INTROSPECT, PERSPECTIVE, PROSPECT, RESPECT, (RESPITE),
RETROSPECT, SUSPECT, TRANSPICUOUS, from Latin specere 'to look
at'.] [Latin, from per 'through'. See per1 below. per1. Base of
prepositions and preverbs with the basic meanings of 'forward',
'through', and a wide range of extended senses such as 'in front
of', 'before', 'early', 'first', 'chief', 'toward', 'against',
'near', 'at', 'around.' PER, PER-; PARAMOUNT, PARAMOUR, PARGET,
PARVENU, from Latin per 'through, for, by'.]
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- phonological
- (1) adjective; 'pronunciational'; "[...]
phonological perspectives [...]"; [Greek phono-, from phone 'sound,
voice'. See bha-2 below. bha-2. Important derivatives are: fable,
fate, infant, preface, prophet, abandon, banish, bandit, fame,
phono-, symphony, confess, blame. bha-2. To speak. Contracted from
*bha@-. Suffixed o-grade form *bho-na. PHONE, -PHONE, PHONEME,
PHONETIC, PHONO-, -PHONY; ANTHEM, (ANTIPHON), APHONIA, CACOPHONOUS,
EUPHONY, SYMPHONY, from Greek phone 'voice, sound', and
(denominative) phonein 'to speak'.] [Middle
English, from Old French logique, from Latin logica, from Greek
logike (tekhne) '(art) of reasoning, logic', feminine of logikos
'of reasoning', from logos 'reason'. See leg- below. leg-.
Important derivatives are: leech, lectern, lecture, legend,
legible, legion, lesson, coil, collect, diligent, elect,
intelligent, neglect, sacrilege, select, lexicon, catalog, dialect,
dialogue, eclectic, legal, legitimate, loyal, legislator,
privilege, legacy, allege, colleague, delegate, relegate, logic,
analogous, apology, epilogue, logarithm, prologue, syllogism. leg-.
To collect; with derivatives meaning 'to speak'. LEXICON, LOGION,
-LOGUE, -LOGY; ALEXIA, ANALECTS, ANTHOLOGY, CATALOG, DIALECT,
(DIALOGUE), DYSLEXIA, ECLECTIC, HOROLOGE, PROLEGOMENON, from Greek
legein 'to gather, speak', with logos 'speech' (see 6). Suffixed
o-grade form *log-o-. LOGIC, LOGISTIC, LOGO-, LOGOS, -LOGY;
ANALOGOUS, APOLOGUE, APOLOGY, DECALOGUE, EPILOGUE, HOMOLOGOUS,
LOGARITHM, PARALOGISM, PROLOGUE, SYLLOGISM, from Greek logos
'speech, word, reason'. [Pokorny leg- 658.]] [Middle English, from
Old French, from Latin -alis, adjectival suffix.]
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- pictogram
- (1) noun; 'visual representation or image, symbolising a
particular perceived object or notion (often with corresponding
vocalization), or serving as partial referent to a complex notional
system; pictograph'; "[...] the Chinese chen2 pictogram [...]";
[Latin pictus, past participle of pingere 'to paint'; see
PICTOGRAPH + -GRAM (Greek -gramma, from gramma, letter. See gerbh-
below.); see peig- below + -GRAPH. peig-. Important derivatives
are: file, paint, picture, picturesque, pigment, pimento, pinto,
depict. peig-. Also peik-. Nasalized zero-grade form *pi-n-g-.
PAINT, PICTOR, PICTURE, PICTURESQUE, PIGMENT, PIMENTO, PINT, PINTO;
DEPICT, PICTOGRAPH, from Latin pingere 'to embroider, tattoo,
paint, picture'.] [French -graphe, from Late Latin -graphus, from
Greek -graphos, from graphein 'to write'. See gerbh- below. gerbh-.
Important derivatives are: carve, crab, crawl, gram, grammar,
diagram, paragraph, program. gerbh-. To scratch. Zero-grade form
*grbh-. GRAFFITO, GRAM, -GRAM, GRAMMAR, -GRAPH, -GRAPHER, GRAPHIC,
-GRAPHY; AGRAPHA, AGRAPHIA, ANAGRAM, DIAGRAM, EPIGRAM, (EPIGRAPH),
GRAPHITE, (ICONOGRAPHY), PARAGRAPH, PARALLELOGRAM, PROGRAM,
PSEUDEPIGRAPHA, TETRAGRAMMATON, (TOPOGRAPHY), from Greek graphein
'to scratch, draw, write', gramma (< *grbh-mn) 'a picture,
written letter, piece of writing', and gramma 'a line'. [Pokorny
gerebh- 392.]]
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- position
- (2) noun; 'attitude, posture'; "[...] a scorpion in striking
position [...]"; "[...] ancient equinoctial position of the star
[...]"; [Middle English posicioun, from Old French posicion, from
Latin positio, position-, from positus, past participle of ponere
'to place'. See apo- below. apo-. Important derivatives are: of,
off, ebb, apo-, after, post-, deposit, dispose, impose, oppose,
position, positive, post, post, suppose. apo-. Also ap- 'off,
away'. Possible variant root form *po(s) 'on, in'. a. POGROM, from
Russian po 'at, by, next to'; b. POST-, POSTERIOR; (POSTMORTEM),
PREPOSTEROUS, PUISNE, (PUNY), from Latin post 'behind, back,
afterward'; c. APPOSITE, (APPOSITION), COMPONENT, (COMPOSE),
(COMPOSITE), (COMPOSITION), (COMPOUND), CONTRAPPOSTO, DEPONE,
DEPOSIT, DISPOSE, EXPOUND, IMPOSE, INTERPOSE, OPPOSE, POSITION,
POSITIVE, POST, POST, POSTICHE, POSTURE, PREPOSITION, PROPOSE,
PROVOST, REPOSIT, SUPPOSE, TRANSPOSE, from Latin ponere, to put,
place, from *po-sinere (sinere 'to leave, let'; of obscure origin).
[Pokorny apo- 53.]]
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- possible
- (1) adjective; 'indicates that one has the power/opportunity';
"[...] it is possible to demonstrate [...]" = 'one can demonstrate'
= 'the result is the demonstration of' = 'resulting in the
demonstration of' = 'the outcome is the demonstration of'; [Middle
English, from Old French, from Latin possibilis, from posse, to be
able. See poti- below. poti-. Important derivatives are: possess,
power, possible, potent, impotent. POSSIBLE, POTENT; (IMPOTENT),
OMNIPOTENT, PREPOTENT, from Latin compound posse, to be able
(contracted from potis, able + esse, to be; see es-).]
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- present
- (1) adjective; 'current'; "[...] In the course of the present
study [...]"; "the present study" = 'the study at hand' = 'the
study now being considered'. [Middle English, from Old French, from
Latin praesens, praesent-, present participle of praeesse 'to be
present' : prae-, pre- + esse 'to be'; see es- below. es-.
Important derivatives are: am, is, yes, soothe, sin, essence,
absent, interest, present, proud. es- 'to be'. Basic form *es-.
ENTITY, ESSENCE; ABSENT, (IMPROVE), INTEREST, OSSIA, PRESENT,
(PRESENT), PROUD, (QUINTESSENCE), (REPRESENT), from Latin esse 'to
be'.] [Middle English, from Old French, from Latin prae-, from
prae, before, in front. See per1 below. per1. Base of prepositions
and preverbs with the basic meanings of 'forward', 'through', and a
wide range of extended senses such as 'in front of', 'before',
'early', 'first', 'chief', 'toward', 'against', 'near', 'at',
'around.' Extended forms *prai-, *prei-. 1. PRE-; PRETERIT, from
Latin prae 'before'.]
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- pre-OBI
- (1) adjective; 'before the time of the oracle-bone
inscriptions, before perhaps 3200 years ago'; "[...] of an early (
pre-OBI) [...] relation [...]"; [oracle-bone inscriptions
'translation of the Chinese "jia3gu3wen2" = 'shell-bone
characters', from the modern name of the pyro-osteomantic practice
of Shang1 and Zhou1 times.'] [Middle English, from Old French, from
Latin prae-, from prae, before, in front. See per1 below. per1.
Base of prepositions and preverbs with the basic meanings of
'forward', 'through', and a wide range of extended senses such as
'in front of', 'before', 'early', 'first', 'chief', 'toward',
'against', 'near', 'at', 'around.' Extended forms *prai-, *prei-.
1. PRE-; PRETERIT, from Latin prae 'before'.] [Middle English, from
Old French, from Latin oraculum, from orare 'to speak'.] [Middle
English bon, from Old English baan.] [Middle English inscripcioun
'statement giving the author or title of a book', from Latin
inscriptio, inscription-, from inscriptus, past participle of
inscribere 'to inscribe'. See INSCRIBE. Latin inscribere : in- 'in,
on'; see IN-2 + scribere 'to write'; see skribh- below. skribh-.
Important derivatives are: scribble, scribe, script, Scripture,
ascribe, circumscribe, conscript, describe, inscribe, manuscript,
postscript, prescribe, subscribe, transcribe. skribh- 'to cut,
separate, sift'. Extension of sker-1. 1. SCRIBBLE, SCRIBE, SCRIPT,
SCRIPTORIUM, SCRIPTURE, SERIF, SHRIVE; ASCRIBE, CIRCUMSCRIBE,
CONSCRIPT, DESCRIBE, FESTSCHRIFT, INSCRIBE, MANUSCRIPT, POSTSCRIPT,
PRESCRIBE, PROSCRIBE, RESCRIPT, SUBSCRIBE, SUPERSCRIBE, TRANSCRIBE,
from Latin scribere 'to scratch, incise, write'.]
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- profile
- (1) noun; 'side view, with the lateral aspect apparent (to be
distinguished from ventral, dorsal ... views)'; "[...] as seen in
profile [...]"; [Italian profilo, from profilare 'to draw in
outline' : pro- 'forward' (from Latin pro-; see PRO-1) + filare 'to
draw a line' (from Late Latin filare 'to spin', from Latin filum
'thread'; see gwhi- below). gwhi-. Important derivatives are:
filament, file1, profile. gwhi- 'thread, tendon'. Contracted from
*gwhi@-. Suffixed form *gwhi-slo-. FILAMENT, FILAR, FILARIA, FILE,
FILLET, FILOSE, FILUM; (DEFILE), ENFILADE, FILIFORM, FILIGREE,
FILOPLUME, PROFILE, PURFLE, from Latin filum 'thread'. [Pokorny
gwhei@- 489.]] [Middle English, from Old French, from Latin pro-,
proo-, from proo 'for'. See per1 below. per1. Important derivatives
are: far, paramount, paradise, for, forth, afford, further,
foremost, former2, first, prow, protein, proton, fore, forefather,
before, from, furnish, veneer, purchase, prone, reciprocal,
approach, reproach, approximate, probable, probe, proof, prove,
approve, improve, pre-, private, privilege, privy, deprive, proper,
property, appropriate, premier, primal, primary, primate, prime,
primitive, prince, principal, principle, pristine, priest. per1.
Base of prepositions and preverbs with the basic meanings of
'forward', 'through', and a wide range of extended senses such as
'in front of', 'before', 'early', 'first', 'chief', 'toward',
'against', 'near', 'at', 'around'. PRO, PRO-, (PROUD); (IMPROVE),
PURCHASE, from Latin pro, proo- 'before, for, instead of'.]
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- relating
- (1) verbal adjective (infinitive: to relate); 'pertaining';
"[...] traditions relating to the [...] star [...]"; [Obsolete
French relater, from Old French, from Latin relatus, past
participle of referre : re-, re- + latus, brought; see tel@- below.
tel@-. Important derivatives are: toll, philately, tolerate,
retaliate, talent, tantalize, Atlantic, Atlas, collate, elate,
legislator, relate, superlative, translate, extol. tel@- 'to lift,
support, weigh'; with derivatives referring to measured weights and
thence to money and payment. Suffixed zero-grade form *tl@-to-.
ABLATION, COLLATE, DILATORY, ELATE, ILLATION, LEGISLATOR, OBLATE,
PRELATE, PROLATE, RELATE, SUBLATE, SUPERLATIVE, TRANSLATE, from
Latin latus 'carried, borne', used as the suppletive past
participle of ferre, to bear (see bher-1), with its compounds.]
[Middle English, from Old French, from Latin. See re- below. re-.
The following entry is not, strictly speaking, Indo-European, since
it is represented in only one branch of the family. It is included
because of the many English words among its descendants. Important
derivatives are: re-, retro-, arrears. RE-, from Latin re-, red-
'backward, again'.]
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- relation
- (1) noun; 'connection'; "[...] Sino-Mesopotamian relation
[...]"; [Latin relatio, relation-, nominal form, see relate.]
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- representation
- (2) noun; 'depiction'; "[...] a representation of a scorpion
[...]"; "[...] this representation [...]"; [Middle English
representen, from Old French representer, from Latin repraesentare
'to show' : re-, re- + praesentare, to present; see PRESENT2.]
[Middle English, from Old French, from Latin praesens, praesent-,
present participle of praeesse 'to be present' : prae-, pre- + esse
'to be'; see es- below. es-. Important derivatives are: am, is,
yes, soothe, sin, essence, absent, interest, present, proud. es-
'to be'. Basic form *es-. ENTITY, ESSENCE; ABSENT, (IMPROVE),
INTEREST, OSSIA, PRESENT, (PRESENT), PROUD, (QUINTESSENCE),
(REPRESENT), from Latin esse 'to be'.] [Middle English, from Old
French, from Latin prae-, from prae, before, in front. See per1
below. per1. Base of prepositions and preverbs with the basic
meanings of 'forward', 'through', and a wide range of extended
senses such as 'in front of', 'before', 'early', 'first', 'chief',
'toward', 'against', 'near', 'at', 'around.' Extended forms *prai-,
*prei-. 1. PRE-; PRETERIT, from Latin prae 'before'.] [Middle
English, from Old French, from Latin. See re- below. re-. The
following entry is not, strictly speaking, Indo-European, since it
is represented in only one branch of the family. It is included
because of the many English words among its descendants. Important
derivatives are: re-, retro-, arrears. RE-, from Latin re-, red-
'backward, again'.]
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- scorpion
- (2) noun; 'animal, any of various arachnids (arthropods of the
class Arachnida, such as spiders, scorpions, mites, and ticks,
characterized by four pairs of segmented legs and a body that is
divided into two regions, the cephalothorax and the abdomen) of the
order Scorpionida, of warm, dry regions, having a segmented body
and an erectile tail tipped with a venomous sting.'; "[...] a scorpion in striking position
[...]"; "[...] the the Celestial
Scorpion. [...]"; [Middle English, from Old French, from Latin
scorpio, scorpion-, alteration of scorpius, from Greek
skorpios.]
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- seen
- (1) verb (passive participle); infinitive: to see 'to perceive
light through the eyes, or more broadly, to master ideas by
employing one's mind'; "[...] as seen in profile [...]"; [Middle
English sen, from Old English seon. See sekw-2 below. sekw-2.
Important derivatives are: see, sight. sekw-2 'to perceive, see'.
1. SEE1, from Old English seon 'to see', from Germanic *sehwan 'to
see'. 2. SIGHT, from Old English sihth, gesiht, vision, spectacle,
from Germanic abstract noun *sih-tiz. [Pokorny 2. sekw- 897.]]
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- semantic
- (1) adjective; 'of, relating to or
pertaining to meaning'; "[...] semantic [...] perspectives [...]";
[French se/mantique, from Greek shmantikos 'significant', from
shmantos 'marked', from shmainein, shman- 'to signify', from shma
'sign'.]
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- shown
- (2) verb (passive participle); infinitive: to show 'to
demonstrate'; "[...] it is shown that [...]"; "[...] It is likewise
shown that [...]"; [Middle English sheuen, shouen, from Old English
sceawian 'to look at, display'. See keu- below. keu-. Important
derivatives are: hear, acoustic, show, scavenger, sheen. keu-. Also
@keu- 'to perceive, see, heart. O-grade form *@kou-. Variant
*skou-. a. (i) SHOW, from Old English sceawian 'to look at'; (ii)
SCAVENGER, from Flemish scauwen 'to look at'; (iii) WELTANSCHAUUNG,
from Old High German scouwon 'to look at'. (i), (ii), and (iii) all
from Germanic *skauwon;b. SCONE, from Middle Dutch schoon,
beautiful, bright (< 'conspicuous, attractive'); c. SHEEN, from
Old English sciene 'bright, sheen', from Germanic *skauniz.
[Pokorny 1. keu- 587.]]
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- sign
- (1) noun; 'pictogram'; "[...] the chen2 sign [...]"; [Middle
English signe, from Old French, from Latin signum. See sekw-1
below. sekw-1. Important derivatives are: sect, sequel, sequence,
sue, suitor, consequent, ensue, execute, persecute, prosecute,
pursue, subsequent, sequester, second, intrinsic, seal, sign,
assign, designate, insignia, resign, social, society, associate,
dissociate. sekw-1 'to follow'. Suffixed form *sekw-no-. SEAL,
SEGNO, SIGN; ASSIGN, CONSIGN, DESIGNATE, INSIGNIA, RESIGN, from
Latin signum 'identifying mark, sign' (< 'standard that one
follows').]
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- signification
- (1) noun; 'meaning'; "[...] the original signification [...]";
[Middle English signifien, from Old French signifier, from Latin
significare : signum 'sign'; see SIGN + -ficare '-fy'.] [Middle
English signe, from Old French, from Latin signum. See sekw-1
below. sekw-1. Important derivatives are: sect, sequel, sequence,
sue, suitor, consequent, ensue, execute, persecute, prosecute,
pursue, subsequent, sequester, second, intrinsic, seal, sign,
assign, designate, insignia, resign, social, society, associate,
dissociate. sekw-1 'to follow'. Suffixed form *sekw-no-. SEAL,
SEGNO, SIGN; ASSIGN, CONSIGN, DESIGNATE, INSIGNIA, RESIGN, from
Latin signum 'identifying mark, sign' (< 'standard that one
follows').] [Middle English -fien, from Old French -fier, from
Latin -ficare, -ficari, from -ficus, -fic. dhe-. Important
derivatives are: do, deed, doom, -dom, deem, fact, factor, fashion,
feat, feature, affair, affect, affection, amplify, benefit, defeat,
defect, effect, efficient, infect, justify, modify, notify,
perfect, profit, qualify, sacrifice, face, surface, difficulty,
thesis, theme. dhe-. To set, put. Contracted from *dhe@-. Suffixed
zero-grade form dh@-k-. a. -FACIENT, FACT, FACTION1, -FACTION,
FACTITIOUS, FACTITIVE, FACTOR, FASHION, FEASIBLE, FEAT1, FEATURE,
(FETISH), -FIC, (-FY), HACIENDA; AFFAIR, AFFECT1, (AFFECT2),
(AFFECTION), (AMPLIFY), ARTIFACT, ARTIFICE, (BEATIFIC),
BENEFACTION, (BENEFIC), (BENEFICE), (BENEFICENCE), (BENEFIT),
CHAFE, COMFIT, CONFECT, (CONFETTI), COUNTERFEIT, (DEFEASANCE),
DEFEAT, DEFECT, (DEFICIENT), (DISCOMFIT), (EDIFICE), (EDIFY),
EFFECT, (EFFICACIOUS), (EFFICIENT), FACSIMILE, FACTOTUM, FORFEIT,
INFECT, (JUSTIFY), MALEFACTOR, (MALFEASANCE), MANUFACTURE,
MISFEASANCE, (MODIFY), (MOLLIFY), (NIDIFY), (NOTIFY), (NULLIFY),
OFFICINAL, ORIFICE, PERFECT, (PETRIFY), (PLUPERFECT), PONTIFEX,
PREFECT, (PROFICIENT), PROFIT, PUTREFY, (QUALIFY), RAREFY,
(RECTIFY), REFECT, (REFECTORY), RUBEFACIENT, SACRIFICE, SATISFY,
SPINIFEX, SUFFICE, (SUFFICIENT), SURFEIT, TUBIFEX, TUMEFACIENT,
(VIVIFY), from Latin facere (< *fak-yo-) 'to do, make', and
Latin combining form -fex (< *-fak-s), 'maker'.]
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- Sino-Mesopotamian
- (1) adjective; 'of or pertaining to both China and
Mesopotamia'; "[...] an early (pre-OBI) Sino-Mesopotamian relation
[...]"; 'an early connection between China and Mesopotamia (direct
or indirect)'; [From Late Latin Sinae 'the Chinese', from Greek
Sinai, from Arabic Sin 'China', probably from Chinese Qin 'the
first dynasty (221-206 B.C.) under which China was united'.]
[Mesopotamia 'land between the (two) rivers (Tigris and Euphrates);
more broadly, the "fertile crescent".] [Greek, from mesos 'middle'.
See medhyo- below. medhyo-. Important derivatives are: mid, amid,
middle, mean, medial, mediate, medium, intermediate, medieval,
mediocre, mediterranean, meridian. medhyo-. Middle. MESO-, from
Greek mesos, middle. [Pokorny medhi- 706.]] [Greek potamos 'river';
see pet- below. pet-. Important derivatives are: feather, petition,
appetite, compete, perpetual, repeat, pen, propitious, ptomaine,
symptom, hippopotamus. O-grade form *pot-. HIPPOPOTAMUS, from Greek
potamos 'rushing water', river (-amo-, Greek suffix).]
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- Sino-Tibetan
- (1) adjective; 'of or pertaining to the linguistic stock of
which Chinese and Tibetan are early literary representatives';
"[...] words in Sino-Tibetan [...]"; [From Late Latin Sinae 'the
Chinese', from Greek Sinai, from Arabic Sin 'China', probably from
Chinese Qin2 'the first dynasty (221-206 B.C.) under which China
was united'.] [Tibet: this name is said by some to derive ulimately
from the Tibetan "Stod Bod" 'upper Bod', "Bod" being the native
term for the region and its people. "Bod" is perhaps to be
connected with Tibetan "Bon", the local pre-Buddhist religion.]
[But such a thing as a Gyalmorong "de bod" must certainly be
accounted for ... note also Classical (WT) writing /sde/ 'part,
portion (of a whole, e.g. of a country); nation, tribe, people,
clan, community', in use in such words as sde-rigs, jul-sde
'territory', sde-srid 'province'. Goldstein gives WT /sde/ as Lhasa
/te/ (as in Lhasa /mite/ 'community'). Cp. also a word like WT
bon-sde 'places or villages of the Bonpas'. Cp. Sde-Bon, or
Sde-Bod; perhaps a Middle Chinese Thu2 Bjwan1 actually records
something like Sde-Bon.]]
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- star
- (1) noun; 'self-luminous celestial body visible at night from
Earth as a relatively stationary, twinkling point of light'; "[...]
the star Antares [...]"; [Middle English sterre, from Old English
steorra. See ster-3 below. ster-3. Important derivatives are: star,
stellar, constellation, aster, asterisk, asteroid, disaster.
ster-3. Star. 1. Suffixed form *ster-s-. STAR, from Old English
steorra, star, from Germanic *sterzon-.]
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- stellar
- (1) adjective; 'relating to stars'; "[...] certain stellar
concepts [...]"; [Late Latin stellaris, from Latin stella 'star'.
See ster-3 below. ster-3. Important derivatives are: star, stellar,
constellation, aster, asterisk, asteroid, disaster. Suffixed form
*ster-la-. STELLAR, STELLATE; CONSTELLATION, from Latin stella,
star. Oldest root form *@ster-. ASTER, ASTERIATED, ASTERISK,
ASTERISM, ASTEROID, ASTRAL, ASTRO-; ASTRAPHOBIA, DISASTER, from
Greek astHr 'star', with its derivative astron 'star', and possible
compound astrapH, asteropH, lightning, twinkling (< 'looking
like a star'; ops, stem op-, eye, appearance; see okw-).]
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- striking
- (1) verbal adjective (infinitive: to strike); 'stinging with
the telson moving forward over the body'; "[...] a scorpion in
striking position [...]"; 'poised so as to sting'; [Middle English
striken, from Old English strhcan, to stroke. See streig- below.
streig-. Important derivatives are: strike, streak, stroke, strain,
strict, stringent, constrain, prestige, restrict. streig-. To
stroke, rub, press. I. Basic form *streig-. 1.a. STRIKE, from Old
English strican 'to stroke'; b. TRICOT, from Old French estriquier,
to strike. Both a and b from Germanic *strikan.]
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- study
- (1) noun; 'treatise'; "[...] the present study [...]"; [Middle
English studie, from Old French estudie, from Latin studium, from
studere 'to study'.]
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- such
- (1) adjective; 'of a particular kind'; "[...] these concepts
nevertheless took peculiar Chinese form, such that it is possible
to demonstrate [...]"; '... these ideas were of the sort that make
it possible to show ...'; [Middle English, from Old English swylc.
See swo- below. swo-. Important derivatives are: so1, such. swo-.
Pronominal stem; so. Derivative of s(w)e-. 1.a. SO1, from Old
English swa 'so'; b. SUCH, from Old English swylc 'such', from
Germanic compound *swa-lik-, 'so like', of the same kind (*lik-,
same; see lik-). lik-. Not, strictly speaking, Indo-European, since
it is represented in only one branch of the family. Important
derivatives are: -ly, -ly, alike, like, each, likely, frolic,
like1. lik- 'body, form; like, same'. Germanic root. -LY, -LY, from
Old English -lic 'having the form of'.]
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- that
- (4) conjunction; 'indicates an anticipated subordinate clause
following "expletive-it" occurring as subject of the verb'; "[...]
it is shown that the chen2 sign is [...]"; "[...] It is likewise
shown that this [...] bears [...]"; "[...] It is demonstrated that
[...] these concepts [...] took [...] form [...]"; "[...] such that
it is possible to demonstrate [...]"; "It is demonstrated that this
is true." = "It is demonstrated." + "(What is 'it'?) That -> (is
'it')." + "This is true." D.) That which is demonstrated is that
this is true. E.) That this is true is that which is demonstrated.
[Middle English, from Old English thaet. See to- below. to-.
Important derivatives are: the, decoy, though, these, this, than,
then, there, they, their, them, that, those, thus, tandem. to-.
Demonstrative pronoun. For the nominative singular see so-.
Extended neuter form *tod-. THAT, from Old English thaet 'that',
from Germanic *that.]
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- the
- (15) definite article; 'indicates specificity'; "The Etymology
of [...]"; "[...] In the course of [...]"; "[...] the present study
[...]"; "[...] the original signification [...]"; "[...] the
Chinese chen2 pictogram [...]"; "[...] the basis of an examination
[...]"; "[...] the extant Chinese material [...]"; "[...] the chen2
sign is [...]"; "[...] the once vigorous traditions [...]"; "[...]
the ancient equinoctial position [...]"; "[...] the star Antares in
the Breast of the Celestial Scorpion [...]"; "[...] the Breast of
the Celestial Scorpion [...]"; "[...] the Celestial Scorpion
[...]"; "[...] the likelihood of an early [...] relation [...]";
"[...] the cognacy of Chinese chen2 [...]"; [Middle English, from
Old English the, alteration (influenced by thaet, neuter
demonstrative pron., thaes, genitive demonstrative pron., etc.) of
se, masculine demonstrative pron.. See so- below.so-. Important
derivatives are: the1, she. so-. This, that (nominative). For other
cases see to-. 1. THE1, from Late Old English the, masculine
demonstrative pronoun, replacing se (with th- from oblique forms;
see to-). to-. Important derivatives are: the1, decoy, though,
these, this, than, then, there, they, their, them, that, those,
thus, tandem. to-. Demonstrative pronoun. For the nominative
singular see so-.]
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- these
- (1) demonstrative pronoun (proximal, plural); 'indicates
particular proximate things'; "[...] these concepts nevertheless
took peculiar Chinese form [...]"; [Middle English, from Old
English th¾s, variant of thEs, pl. of thes, this, this. See
to- below. to-. Important derivatives are: the1, decoy, though,
these, this, than, then, there, they, their, them, that, those,
thus, tandem. to-. Demonstrative pronoun. For the nominative
singular see so-. THESE, THIS, (THOSE), from Old English thes,
this, this, from Germanic *thasi-.]
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- this
- (1) demonstrative pronoun (proximal, singular); 'indicates a
particular proximate thing'; "[...] this representation bears [...]
upon the [...] traditions [...]"; [Middle English, from Old English
th¾s, variant of thEs, pl. of thes, this, this. See to-
below. to-. Important derivatives are: the1, decoy, though, these,
this, than, then, there, they, their, them, that, those, thus,
tandem. to-. Demonstrative pronoun. For the nominative singular see
so-. THESE, THIS, (THOSE), from Old English thes, this, this, from
Germanic *thasi-.]
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- to
- (2) preposition; infinitive marker; 'indicates direction of
reference; introduces the infinitive (temporally non-defined) verb
form'; "[...] traditions relating to the [...] position of the star
[...]"; "[...] it is possible to demonstrate [...]"; [Middle
English, from Old English t. See de- below. de-. Important
derivatives are: to, too, de-, deteriorate. de-. Demonstrative
stem, base of prepositions and adverbs.]
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- took
- (1) verb; infinitive: to take 'to assume'; "[...] concepts
[...] took peculiar Chinese form [...]"; [Middle English taken,
from Old English tacan, from Old Norse taka.]
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- traditions
- (1) noun (plural); 'lore, propagated associations'; "[...] the
once vigorous traditions [...]"; [Middle English tradicion, from
Old French, from Latin traditio, tradition-, from traditus, past
participle of tradere, to hand over, deliver, entrust : tra-,
trans- 'trans-' + dare 'to give'; see do- below. do-. Important
derivatives are: date, add, betray, edition, rent, surrender,
tradition, traitor, vend, donation, pardon, endow, dose, antidote.
do-. To give. Contracted from *do@-. 1.a. Zero-grade form
*d›-. DADO, DATE1, DATIVE, DATUM, DIE2; ADD, (BETRAY),
EDITION, PERDITION, RENDER, (RENT1), (SURRENDER), TRADITION,
(TRAITOR), (TREASON), VEND, from Latin dare, to give; b. (see 4)
Greek dosis, something given.] [From Latin trans-, from trans
'across, beyond, through'. See ter@-2 below. ter@-2. Important
derivatives are: thrill, nostril, thorough, through, trans-,
transient, trench, trunk. ter@-2. To cross over, pass through,
overcome. Variant *tra-, contracted from *tra@-. II. Variant form
*tra- (< *tra@-). 1. TRANS-, TRANSIENT, (TRANSOM), from Latin
trans 'across, over, beyond, through' (perhaps originally the
present participle of a verb *trare 'to cross over').]
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- upon
- (1) preposition; 'indicates superior situation with downwardly
applied force'; "[...] bears directly upon the [...] traditions
[...]"; [Middle English up 'upward' and uppe 'on high', both from
Old English. See upo below. upo. Important derivatives are: up,
uproar, open, above, often, eaves, eavesdrop, sub-, supine, supple,
hypo-, valet, vassal, opal. upo 'under, up from under, over'. 1.a.
UP, from Old English up, uppe, up; b. UP-, from Old English up-,
upp- 'up'.] [Middle English, from Old English an, on. See an-
below. an-. Important derivatives are: on, acknowledge, alike,
aloft, onslaught, ana-. an- 'on'. Extended form *ana. ON;
(ACKNOWLEDGE), ALIKE, from Old English an, on, a 'on', and prefixed
on-.]
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- vigorous
- (1) adjective; 'living and lively'; "[...] the once vigorous
traditions [...]"; [Latin vigorosus, from vigor + -osus, adjectival
ending.] [Middle English, from Old French, from Latin vigor,
vigor-, from vigere 'to be lively'. See weg- below. weg-. Important
derivatives are: wake, waken, watch, bivouac, wait, vegetable,
vigor, vigil, vigilante, reveille, velocity. weg- too be strong, be
lively'. Suffixed (stative) form *weg-e-. VIGOR, from Latin vigere
'to be lively'.]
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- while
- (1) conjunction (temporal); 'at the (same) time, although';
"[...] while certain [...] concepts betray the likelihood [...],
nevertheless [...]"; [Middle English, from Old English hwil. See
kwei@- below. kwei@-. Important derivatives are: while, tranquil,
coy, quiet, acquiesce. kwei@- 'to rest, be quiet'. I. Suffixed
zero-grade variant form *kwi-lo- (< *kwi@-lo-). 1.a. WHILE, from
Old English hwil 'while'; b. WHILOM, from Old English hwilum
''sometimes'. Both a and b from Germanic *hwilo.]
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- words
- (1) noun (plural); 'traditionally rationalized vocalizations
and their associated symbols'; "[...] chen2 and 'scorpion' words in
Sino-Tibetan."; [Middle English, from Old English. See wer-5 below.
wer-5. Important derivatives are: word, verb, verve, adverb,
proverb, irony. wer-5. Also wer@-. To speak. Variant *wri-,
contracted from *wre@-. 1. Suffixed zero-grade form *wr-dho-. WORD,
from Old English word 'word', from Germanic *wurdam. [Pokorny 6.
uer- 1162.]]
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