Difference between revisions of "Derivational Verbal Morphology"
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Unextended verb: subject = 'I', object = 'window' |
Unextended verb: subject = 'I', object = 'window' |
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− | weg-aa-m o-falanter o-le |
+ | :weg-aa-m o-falanter o-le |
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− | <br> |
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− | |||
Stative verb: subject = 'window' |
Stative verb: subject = 'window' |
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− | o-falanter o-le a-weg-oox-a |
+ | :o-falanter o-le a-weg-oox-a |
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− | <br> |
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− | |||
The extension -oox can also be used with intransitive verbs... (to be filled in later) |
The extension -oox can also be used with intransitive verbs... (to be filled in later) |
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Unextended verb: |
Unextended verb: |
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− | Jegan a-fal-a naak le |
+ | :Jegan a-fal-a naak le |
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− | <br> |
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− | |||
Benefactive verb: |
Benefactive verb: |
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− | Jegan a-fal-an-a naak le a-doktoor fe |
+ | :Jegan a-fal-an-a naak le a-doktoor fe |
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− | <br> |
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⚫ | |||
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− | <br> |
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− | <br> |
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==Instrumental Applicative== |
==Instrumental Applicative== |
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Unextended verb: |
Unextended verb: |
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− | waq-aa-m a-semb a-le |
+ | :waq-aa-m a-semb a-le |
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− | <br> |
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⚫ | |||
− | |||
Instrumental verb: |
Instrumental verb: |
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− | waq-t-aa-m a-semb a-le a-pel a-le |
+ | :waq-t-aa-m a-semb a-le a-pel a-le |
⚫ | |||
− | <br> |
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⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
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− | <br> |
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− | <br> |
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⚫ | |||
==Locative== |
==Locative== |
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The passive marker '''-e'''' eliminates the object of a transitive verb, with the subject being acted on by the verb. Unlike with the stative extension, there is an implication of agentivity, though we have not yet seen if it is possible to express the agent in a passive clause. This suffix appears to not truly be an extension, as it is takes the place of person-marking morphology, rather than simply being affixed to the verb root (further investigation needed). |
The passive marker '''-e'''' eliminates the object of a transitive verb, with the subject being acted on by the verb. Unlike with the stative extension, there is an implication of agentivity, though we have not yet seen if it is possible to express the agent in a passive clause. This suffix appears to not truly be an extension, as it is takes the place of person-marking morphology, rather than simply being affixed to the verb root (further investigation needed). |
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− | naf-e' |
+ | :naf-e' |
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− | <br> |
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⚫ | |||
− | naf-'-e' |
+ | :naf-'-e' |
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− | <br> |
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=Other Extensions= |
=Other Extensions= |
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Unextended verb: |
Unextended verb: |
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− | mexe weg-a o-falanter o-le |
+ | :mexe weg-a o-falanter o-le |
⚫ | |||
− | <br> |
||
⚫ | |||
− | |||
Itive verb: |
Itive verb: |
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− | mexe weg-k-a o-falanter o-le |
+ | :mexe weg-k-a o-falanter o-le |
⚫ | |||
− | <br> |
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⚫ | |||
==Simulfactive== |
==Simulfactive== |
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Unextended verb: |
Unextended verb: |
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− | a-weg-a xa-palanter a-xe |
+ | :a-weg-a xa-palanter a-xe |
⚫ | |||
− | <br> |
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⚫ | |||
− | |||
Simulfactive verb: |
Simulfactive verb: |
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− | a-weg-andoor-a xa-palanter a-xe |
+ | :a-weg-andoor-a xa-palanter a-xe |
⚫ | |||
− | <br> |
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⚫ | |||
==Reversive== |
==Reversive== |
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Unextended verb: |
Unextended verb: |
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− | mexe liw-a |
+ | :mexe liw-a |
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− | <br> |
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⚫ | |||
− | |||
Reversive verb: |
Reversive verb: |
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− | mexe liw-t-a |
+ | :mexe liw-t-a |
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− | <br> |
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⚫ | |||
This extension is unpredictably fossilized in certain verbs, e.g. wet- ‘open’ vs. weg- ‘close.’ |
This extension is unpredictably fossilized in certain verbs, e.g. wet- ‘open’ vs. weg- ‘close.’ |
Revision as of 14:18, 4 November 2012
Overview
Sereer seems to have at least some verbal derivational morphology. So far, we've seen:
Takes verb, makes verb:
- -ir, a reciprocal suffix
- -in, a causative suffix (e.g. gɛf "to break, explode (intr.)" --> gɛfin "break it"). Allomorphs -an or -n occur when co-occurring with person marking, and sometimes when another suffix precedes (e.g. xum 'to tie', xum-ir 'to tie RECP', xum-r-an 'to tie to each other' (061)
- -it, a reversive suffix
- -an, an applicative. Licenses an additional argument, a beneficiary
- -it, an instrumental applicative. Licenses an additional argument, an instrument.
- -ik, which indicates directed motion in doing a verb X ("to go do X")
- -oox, which seems to be stativizing or anti-causative. Its derived forms are somewhat less semantically consistent than the others.
- -and, a causative/transitivizing suffix
- -loox/-noox, a suffix of possibly causative meaning that has mutiple allomorphs (or is actually more than one suffix)
- -noor, a causative suffix (possibly more than one suffix fused together?)
Takes verb, makes adjective:
- -u , a suffix that takes a verb and turns it into an adjective (e.g. saɗik "to be strong, tough" -> saɗku "strong, tough"; may "to be many" -> mayu "many")
- -na, seemingly equivalent with -u but agreeing with presence of an "article" on a noun
Takes verb, makes noun:
- -ir, a suffix that makes instrument-type nouns from verb stems (e.g. βɛʄ "to swim" --> bɛʄir "thing used to swim")
- RED-, prefixing partial reduplication: makes a noun from a verb "X" meaning "one who (habitually) X"
Valence-Changing Extensions
Causative
There are at least three causative extensions, -in/-n, -noor, and -and. These extensions increase the valence of a verb, adding a causative object, which is caused to perform the action of the verb by the subject of the causative verb.
-noor
-Noor seems to be most productive, and can be affixed to most (if not all?) verbs.
Unextended verb:
- Miñaan a-fal-a naak le
- ‘M. kicks the cow’
Causative verb:
- Miñaan a-fal-noor-a (a)Yande naak le
- ‘M. makes Y. kick the cow’
The causative object (when not pronominalized) always appears directly after the verb.
- Miñaan a-fal-noor-a naak le (a)Yande
- ‘M. makes the cow kick Y.’
- ‘*M. makes Y. kick the cow’
-in/-n
The extension -in/-n appears as of now to function in the same way, but its distribution seems to be lexically conditioned.
(example here)
Note that the causative extension -in/-n is phonologically identical to the 3rd sg. incorporated pronoun -in/-n. This fact gives rise to ambiguous interpretations of some verbs.
- geen-aa-n-um
- ‘I stop him’
- OR
- ‘I cause him to stand up’
-and
The extension -and can be applied to some (or all?) verbs roots that are basically (that is, in their unextended form) stative.
Unextended verb:
- xuƥ-aa-m
- ‘I am wet’
Causative verb:
- a-teƥ a-xuƥ-and-axam
- ‘The rain wets me / causes me to be wet’
Stative
The stative extension -oox decreases the valence of a transitive verb. The state of the single remaining argument (the subject) is described by the verb. This single argument is not treated semantically as a patient, as there is no implication of agentivity.
Unextended verb: subject = 'I', object = 'window'
- weg-aa-m o-falanter o-le
- 'I close the window'
Stative verb: subject = 'window'
- o-falanter o-le a-weg-oox-a
- 'The window is closed'
The extension -oox can also be used with intransitive verbs... (to be filled in later)
Benefactive Applicative
The benefactive applicative extension -an increases the valence of the verb, adding an object which functions semantically as the beneficiary.
Unextended verb:
- Jegan a-fal-a naak le
- ‘Jegan kicks the cow’
Benefactive verb:
- Jegan a-fal-an-a naak le a-doktoor fe
- OR
- Jegan a-fal-an-a a-doktoor fe naak le
- ‘Jegan kicks the cow for the doctor’
Instrumental Applicative
The instrumental applicative extension -it/-t increases the valence of the verb, adding an object that functions semantically as the instrument.
Unextended verb:
- waq-aa-m a-semb a-le
- ‘I dig the hole’
Instrumental verb:
- waq-t-aa-m a-semb a-le a-pel a-le
- OR
- waq-t-aa-m a-pel a-le a-semb a-le
- ‘I dig the hole with the shovel’
Locative
The locative extension -it/-t requires that an action take place at a location. This location is expressed as a preverbal PP, not as an object of the verb (and thus perhaps this extension is not truly valence-changing).
Unextended verb:
- ñaam-aa-m
- 'I eat'
Locative verb:
- n-o-restoran fe ñaam-t-aa-m
- 'I eat in/at the restaurant'
Reciprocal
-ir/-r
Passive
The passive marker -e' eliminates the object of a transitive verb, with the subject being acted on by the verb. Unlike with the stative extension, there is an implication of agentivity, though we have not yet seen if it is possible to express the agent in a passive clause. This suffix appears to not truly be an extension, as it is takes the place of person-marking morphology, rather than simply being affixed to the verb root (further investigation needed).
- naf-e'
- 'You are hit'
- naf-'-e'
- 'You were hit'
Other Extensions
Itive
The itive extension -ik/-k indicates motion towards something.
Unextended verb:
- mexe weg-a o-falanter o-le
- ‘I’m closing the window’
Itive verb:
- mexe weg-k-a o-falanter o-le
- ‘I’m going (motion) to close the window’
Simulfactive
The extension -andoor indicates that the action of a verb is done all at once.
Unextended verb:
- a-weg-a xa-palanter a-xe
- ‘He closes the windows’
Simulfactive verb:
- a-weg-andoor-a xa-palanter a-xe
- ‘He closes the windows all at once’
Reversive
The reversive extension -it/-t indicates that the action of the verb is undone.
Unextended verb:
- mexe liw-a
- ‘I’m tangling’
Reversive verb:
- mexe liw-t-a
- ‘I’m untangling’
This extension is unpredictably fossilized in certain verbs, e.g. wet- ‘open’ vs. weg- ‘close.’
Co-occurrence of Extensions
Homophonous extensions can occur adjacently to one another with very little restriction, other than general phonotactics. In the example below, affix order is actually unclear, as the reversive and instrumental applicative could be in the order listed or reversed.
a uuptita apel ale. |
a | uup | -t | -it | -a | a- | pel | ale | |
3SG | bury | REV? | INST.APP? | 3SG | NC | shovel | DET.NC |
S/he unburies with a shovel. (092)
Valence-changing suffixes (like -noor below) seem to occur closer to the verb stem than others (like -k below), which appear to occur inside of inflectional morphology without exception.
wegaanum. |
weg | -aan | -um | |
close | 3SG.OBJ | 1SG |
I close it. (091)
wegnoorkaanum. |
weg | -noor | -k | -aan | -um | |
close | CAUS | ITV | 3SG.OBJ | 1SG |
I make him go to jail. (lit. make him go to close up) (091)
Verb pairs demonstrating V to V derivation
Suffix involved | Unsuffixed | Gloss | Suffixed | Gloss | Session | notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
-oox | jik | to buy | jikoox | to sell | JM_046 | |
-loox | ɗeet | to see | ɗeetloox | to notice | JM_048 | |
-oox | doxoñ | to spit | doxoñoox | to spit repeatedly | JM_048 | |
-oox | teer | to land a boat, arrive | teerooχ | to await a guest | JM_048 | |
-ir | xas | to scold, berate | xasir | to argue | MF_029 | |
-in | waʄ | to boil (intr.) | waʄin | to boil (trans.) | MF_045 | |
-in | mud | to sink | mudin | to make sink, to throw/put into water | MF_047 | |
-oox | mud | to sink | mudoox | to swim down on purpose | MF_047 | translation imprecise, seeking clarification |
-oox | xooʄ | to dip, dunk | xooʄoox | to dip, dunk into | MF_047 | translation imprecise; seeking clarification |
-oox | saang | to roll (trans.) | saangoox | to roll (intr.) | ED-058 | |
-ir | maaf | to fell, knock down | maafir | to wrestle | NB-057 | |
-noor | weg | to close | wegnoor | to make s.o. close s.t. | MF_091 | may be analyzable as weg-in-(C)oor |
-ik | weg | to close | wegik | to go close | MF_091 | |
-it | uup | to bury | uupit | to dig up (un-bury) | JM_092 | |
-it | liw | to tangle (trans) | liwit | to untangle (trans) | MF_047 | |
-it | waq | to dig | waqit | to dig with | JM_092 | e.g. a shovel |
-an | fal | to kick | falan | to kick for | JM_092 | e.g. for someone else |