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1. pa-hûutva   kóo   yaas'ára   u-'íin-ahaak   vaa   vúra   kóo   itíhan   kum-éekxaram   nani-túnviiv   vaa   pay'ôok   kun-'írunaa-tih-eesh   NOMZ-somehow   as.much.as   rich.person   3s(>3)-exist-when   so   Intensive   as.much.as   always   3sPOSS-night   1sPOSS-children   so   right.here   3pl(>3s)-go.(pl.)-DUR-FUT

   As long as people live, every night my children will pass right here. Source: Margaret Harrie, "The Ten Young Men who Became the Pleiades" (DAF_KT-02) | read full text

2. kari   xás   ni-'íripkurih   matée   kuma-yaayaach   then   then   1s(>3)-dig.hole   later   3sPOSS-better

   The farther down I dug the better luck I had. Source: Benonie Harrie, "How I Found Gold" (DAF_KT-05b) | read full text

3. karu   kâakum   kuma-tupichas--h-á-yaach-as   xakinivki'itráhyar   chávura   ni-mma   koovura   also   some   3sPOSS-small.ones-DENOM-DEVERB-Intensive-PL   seventy   finally   1s(>3)-see   all

   Then there were a lot of smaller ones, so that in the end I had seventy dollars in all. Source: Benonie Harrie, "How I Found Gold" (DAF_KT-05b) | read full text

4. viri   kúna   vúra   ithyárukirukam   kuma-vîitkir   chími   u-kfúkuvra-vish   so   in.addition   Intensive   on.other.side.of.river   3sPOSS-ridge   soon   3s(>3)-climb.over-FUT

   He was about to climb over the ridge on the other side of the creek. Source: Benonie Harrie, "A Hunting Yarn" (DAF_KT-05c) | read full text

5. matêe   kuma-máath-kich   later   3sPOSS-heavy-like

   Later, it became heavier. Source: Benonie Harrie, "A Hunting Yarn" (DAF_KT-05c) | read full text

6. unuhyâach-hiruva   kúma   u-'árihishrih   pa-naní-'iithva   víri   na-takníihshur-oo-tih   circle-too   3sPOSS   3s(>3)-become   the-1sPOSS-packload   so   2s/3s>1s-roll.off-PL.ACT-DUR

   My pack was becoming too round, so it kept rolling off me. Source: Benonie Harrie, "A Hunting Yarn" (DAF_KT-05c) | read full text

7. I have to be like   fâat   kuma-kêemish   p-oo-'iithvú-tih-anik   fâatva   I have to be like   what   3sPOSS-something.dangerous   ITER-3s(>3)-pack-DUR-ANC   something

   I'll be like ... some kind of animal to pack them, something ... Source: Violet Super, Grace Davis, Madeline Davis, Conversation: Weaving (GD-MD-VSu-01) | read full text Spoken by Violet Super | Download | Play

8. nuu   vúra   yith   va-'áraar   yith   kuma-'áraar-as   we   Intensive   other   3sPOSS-human   other   3sPOSS-human-PL

   We're different people, a different kind of people, Source: Violet Super, Grace Davis, Madeline Davis, Conversation: Weaving (GD-MD-VSu-01) | read full text Spoken by Violet Super | Download | Play

9. koovúra   váa   kári   kun-íkshuup-hanik   kumá-kuusrah   pa-kári   kun-'ípak-tih-eesh   kumá-kuusrah   all   so   then   3pl(>3s)-point-ANC   3sPOSS-sun   NOMZ-then   3pl(>3s)-come.back-DUR-FUT   3sPOSS-sun

   And all [the Salmon] fixed the month, the month they will come back. Source: Yaas, "How Fish were Transformed" (JPH_KT-07) | read full text

10. xas   uum   vúra   hitíhaan   kuma-súpaa   p-oo-pȋiriihi-ti   pa-mu-'ávan   pa-xuun   then   3.SG   Intensive   always   3sPOSS-day   NOMZ-3s(>3)-save-DUR   the-3sPOSS-husband   the-acorn.soup

    She was saving acorn soup all the time every day for her man. Source: Abner's mother, "Crow Woman and her Neglectful Husband" (JPH_KT-08) | read full text

11. pa-koovúra   pa-nanu-ppírish   puyíththaxay   vúra   kúnish   vaa   kum-eekyâa-hara   p-eheeraha-'íppa   vúra   chishihpurith-'íppa   kích   vaa   kúnish   kum-éekyav   pa-'apxantîich   îin   tá   kin-ippêer   NOMZ-all   the-1plPOSS-plant   not.a.single.one   Intensive   sort.of   that   3sPOSS-making-NEG   the-tobacco-tree   Intensive   nightshade.sp.-tree   only   that   sort.of   3sPOSS-making   the-white.man   TOPIC   PERF   3>1pl-say.to

    Of All Karuk plants the Black Nightshade is Most Like Tobacco, the Whites Tell Us Source: Phoebe Maddux, Of All Karuk plants the Black Nightshade is Most Like Tobacco, the Whites Tell Us (JPH_TKIC-III.3) | read full text

12. nuu   vúra   pa-kuma-'áraar-as   vúra   pufâat   úhish   ip-sháruk-tih-ap-hanik   xáat   máruk   kun-ifyúku-tih-anik   we   Intensive   the-3sPOSS-human-PL   Intensive   nothing   seed   ITER-bring.(things)-DUR-INV-ANC   may   uphill   3pl(>3s)-go.around-DUR-ANC

    Our kind of people never used to pack seed home, I do not care if they had been going around upslope. Source: Phoebe Maddux, They Knew That Seeds Will Grow (JPH_TKIC-IV.3) | read full text

13. purafâat   vúra   káru   kuma-'úhish   utháamhí-tih-ap-hanik   vúra   iheeraha-'úhish   vúra   kích   kun-iyâa-tih-anik   nothing   Intensive   also   3sPOSS-seed   plant-DUR-NEG-ANC   Intensive   tobacco-seed   Intensive   only   3pl(>3s)-make-DUR-ANC

    And they never sowed any kinds of seeds, they operated only with the tobacco seeds. Source: Phoebe Maddux, But They Never Packed Seeds Home (JPH_TKIC-IV.4) | read full text

14. purafâat   vúra   káru   kuma-'úhish   iinâak   táayhi-tih-anik   vúra   ihêeraha   kích   iheeraha-'úhish   vúra   kich   nothing   Intensive   also   3sPOSS-seed   indoors   be.many-DUR-ANC   Intensive   tobacco   only   tobacco-seed   Intensive   only

    And they never had any kind of seeds stored in the houses, only the tobacco, the tobacco seeds. Source: Phoebe Maddux, But They Never Packed Seeds Home (JPH_TKIC-IV.4) | read full text

15. pa-'áraar-as   kúnish   koovúra   pa-'ishímfir   kuma-'áraar-as   the-human-PL   sort.of   all   the-brave   3sPOSS-human-PL

    Those guys are all tough guys. Source: Sonny Davis, Sentences about body parts, etc. (SD-01) | read full text Spoken by Sonny Davis | Download | Play

16. fâat   kuma-'áv   p-oo-'áam-tih   what   3sPOSS-food   NOMZ-3s(>3)-eat-DUR

    What kind of food is he eating? Source: Sonny Davis, Sentences about cooking (SD-03) | read full text Spoken by Sonny Davis | Download | Play

17. fâat   kuma-'áv   what   3sPOSS-food

    What kind of food is it? Source: Vina Smith, Sentences: questions (VS-16) | read full text Spoken by Vina Smith | Download | Play

18. fâat   kuma-'áv   p-ee-mnísh-eesh   what   3sPOSS-food   NOMZ-2s(>3)-cook-FUT

    What kind of food are you gonna cook? Source: Vina Smith, Sentences: questions (VS-16) | read full text Spoken by Vina Smith | Download | Play

19. fâat   kum-éethyur   p-ee-kvár-eesh   what   3sPOSS-car   NOMZ-2s(>3)-go.to.buy-FUT

    What kind of car are you gonna buy? Source: Vina Smith, Sentences: questions (VS-16) | read full text Spoken by Vina Smith | Download | Play

20. fâat   kuma-páah   p-ee-kyáv-eesh   what   3sPOSS-boat   NOMZ-2s(>3)-make-FUT

    What kind of boat are you gonna make? Source: Vina Smith, Sentences: questions (VS-16) | read full text Spoken by Vina Smith | Download | Play

21. fâat   kuma-'ávah   p-ee-víshtaan-tih   what   3sPOSS-food   NOMZ-2s(>3)-like.(food)-DUR

    What kind of food do you like to eat? Source: Vina Smith, Sentences: questions (VS-16) | read full text Spoken by Vina Smith | Download | Play

22. fâat   kuma-'ish   what   3sPOSS-drink

    What kind of drink (do you like)? Source: Vina Smith, Sentences: questions and answers, verb tenses (VS-17) | read full text Spoken by Vina Smith | Download | Play

23. vaa   vúra   ip   pa-'aapúnmu-ti   vaa   vúra   kich   vaa   kum-éekrii   so   Intensive   PAST   NOMZ-know-DUR   so   Intensive   only   so   3sPOSS-life

    We only knew that kind of living. Source: Vina Smith, Washing (VS-24) | read full text Spoken by Vina Smith | Download | Play

24. hãã   vaa   vúra   kich   i-'aapúnmu-ti   vaa   kum-éekrii   yes   so   Intensive   only   2s(>3)-know-DUR   so   3sPOSS-life

    Yes, you only knew that kind of living. Source: Vina Smith, Washing (VS-24) | read full text Spoken by Vina Smith | Download | Play

25. fâat   kuma-'ásip   what   3sPOSS-bowl

    What kind of bowl? Source: Vina Smith, Sentences about spatial relations (VS-33) | read full text Spoken by Vina Smith | Download | Play

26. vaa   kumá'ii   pa-xáas   t-u-'iv   pu-'uum   vúra   fâat   kuma-kêemish   áam-tih-an   so   because.of   NOMZ-almost   PERF-3s(>3)-die   NEG-3.SG   Intensive   what   3sPOSS-something.dangerous   eat-DUR-Participial

    "That's why he almost died, he didn’t eat any kind of poison." Source: Violet Super, Violet's Dog (VSu-03) | read full text

27. koovúra   kum-áastaa   káru   áxvaay   all   3sPOSS-duck   also   crane

    There were all kinds of ducks and cranes. Source: Nettie Ruben, "Coyote's Homecoming" (WB_KL-02) | read full text

28. chavúra   yûum   kuma-yúras-ak   u-thívruuhramnih   finally   uphill.downriver   3sPOSS-ocean-Locative   3s(>3)-float.into

    Finally he floated into the ocean downriver. Source: Chester Pepper, "Coyote's Journey" (WB_KL-03) | read full text

29. xás   u-píip   hôoy   vúra   kumee-thívthaaneen   u-snúru-tih   then   3s(>3)-say   where   Intensive   3sPOSS-land   3s(>3)-thunder-DUR

    And he said, "It's thundering somewhere in the country." Source: Julia Starritt, "Coyote's Journey" (WB_KL-04) | read full text

30. kári   xás   kun-íthvuy   pa-'úkraam   yítha   káru   uum   u-pí-tih   vaa   kuma-'úkraam   ni-p-ikvêeshrih-eesh   then   then   3pl(>3s)-be.named   the-lake   one   also   3.SG   3s(>3)-say-DUR   that   3sPOSS-lake   1s(>3)-ITER-spend.night-FUT

    And they named the ponds, and (each) one said, "I will camp at that pond." Source: Mamie Offield, "Coyote's Journey" (WB_KL-05) | read full text

31. xás   vúra   koovura-'îin   kun-síinva   vúra   akárayva-va   kuma-yaas'árah   vúra   kumee-mshúpap   then   Intensive   all-TOPIC   3pl(>3s)-fail.to.recognize   Intensive   anyone-INDEF   3sPOSS-rich.person   Intensive   3sPOSS-attractive

    And they all failed to recognize anyone so rich, so attractive. Source: Julia Starritt, "Coyote Goes to a War Dance" (WB_KL-06) | read full text

32. xás   u-piip   fâat   yáxa   kuma-kitâana   then   3s(>3)-say   what   look!   3sPOSS-kitâana

    And he said, "Look, what kind of 'kitâana' is it? Source: Nettie Ruben, "Coyote Trades Songs" (WB_KL-07) | read full text

33. xás   kári   koovúra   p-eeshnanich-'íshiip-sha   kuma-'áraar   yíchaach   ú-kyav   then   then   all   the-light-most-PL   3sPOSS-human   together   3s(>3)-make

    So he gathered together all the swiftest people. Source: Julia Starritt, "Coyote Steals Fire" (WB_KL-10) | read full text

34. vaa   ku-mûuk   kun-íhviith-tih-eesh   p-eeshyâat   p-eethívthaaneen   tá   kun-pikyâa-haak   that   3sPOSS-with.(by.means.of)   3pl(>3s)-clean.fish-DUR-FUT   the-king.salmon   NOMZ-land   PERF   3pl(>3s)-repair-when

    They will clean the spring salmon with that, when they fix the world. Source: Mamie Offield, "Coyote Gives Salmon and Acorns to Mankind" (WB_KL-17) | read full text

35. kári-va   ku-mûuk   tó-o   ktir   áriim   t-u-thantífish   then-so   3sPOSS-with.(by.means.of)   PERF-3s(>3)   hit.by.throwing   dead   PERF-3s(>3)-knock.down

    She hit him with them, knocked him dead. Source: Mamie Offield, "The Perils of Weasel" (WB_KL-19) | read full text

36. kári   xás   vaa   ku-mûuk   ú-ktir   then   then   so   3sPOSS-with.(by.means.of)   3s(>3)-hit.by.throwing

    And she hit at him with it. Source: Mamie Offield, "The Perils of Weasel" (WB_KL-19) | read full text

37. vaa   kúna   ku-mûuk   ú-ktir   so   in.addition   3sPOSS-with.(by.means.of)   3s(>3)-hit.by.throwing

    She hit at him with it in turn. Source: Mamie Offield, "The Perils of Weasel" (WB_KL-19) | read full text

38. vúra   uum   hitíhaan   kuma-súpaa   p-óo-muus-ti   pá-pikvas   Intensive   3.SG   always   3sPOSS-day   NOMZ-3s(>3)-see-DUR   the-plume

    She looked at the headdress-feather every day (while he was gone). Source: Daisy Jones, "The Perils of Weasel" (WB_KL-20) | read full text

39. naa   vúra   kóo   yáv   pa-'akâayva   kuma-yáan'iiftihan   1sg.   Intensive   as.much.as   good   the-anyone   3sPOSS-young.person

    "I'm just as good as any young man." Source: Lottie Beck, "Old Man Turtle Dances" (WB_KL-22) | read full text

40. xás   kum-éemaankam   p-oo-p-ikríhar   then   3sPOSS-next.day   NOMZ-3s(>3)-ITER-go.fishing

    And it was the next day that he went fishing again. Source: Lottie Beck, "The Greedy Father" (WB_KL-23) | read full text

41. vúra   kuma-kâarim   pa-yíkihar   Intensive   3sPOSS-bad   the-sick

    The sick person just got worse. Source: Mamie Offield, "Blue Jay As Doctor" (WB_KL-28) | read full text

42. kúkuum   tá   kun-p-íshavsip   xúrish   athithxuntápan   úus   koovúra   kuma-'ávaha   again   PERF   3pl(>3s)-ITER-pay.as.fee   shelled.acorn   hazelnut   pine.nut   all   3sPOSS-food

    They would pay her fee repeatedly with shelled acorns, hazel nuts, pine nuts, all kinds of food. Source: Mamie Offield, "Blue Jay As Doctor" (WB_KL-28) | read full text

43. púyava   kári   xás   koovúra   kuma-keemishatunvêechas   tá   kun-xúrihi-naa   aayâach   púfaat   pa-púufich   ôok   kum-eethívthaaneen   you.see   then   then   all   3sPOSS-little.wild.animals   PERF   3pl(>3s)-be.hungry-PL   it.was.because   nothing   the-deer   here   3sPOSS-land

    So then all the little wild animals were hungry, it was because there was no deer meat in this world. Source: Mamie Offield, "How Deer Meat Was Lost and Regained" (WB_KL-33) | read full text

44. xás   kun-piip   chimi   nu-píkaan   chimi   ôok   kum-eethívthaaneen   nu-pípas-ramnih-i   then   3pl(>3s)-say   soon   1pl(>3)-go.get   soon   here   3sPOSS-land   1pl(>3)-take.(person).home-into-IMPER

    And they said, "Let's go get her, let's bring her back into this world!" Source: Mamie Offield, "How Deer Meat Was Lost and Regained" (WB_KL-33) | read full text

45. víri   vaa   vúra   kuma-kári   ku-máh-eesh   kusrípan   itíhaan   kuma-hárinay   t-u-'ur   so   so   Intensive   3sPOSS-then   2pl(>3)-see-FUT   madrone.tree   always   3sPOSS-year   PERF-3s(>3)-peel

    You will see him that way still, every year he peels. Source: Lottie Beck, "The Story of Madrone" (WB_KL-35) | read full text

46. kári   xás   koovúra   kuma-'ávaha   yíchaach   kun-íkyav   then   then   all   3sPOSS-food   together   3pl(>3s)-make

    So they gathered all kinds of food. Source: Mamie Offield, "The Story of Slug" (WB_KL-38) | read full text

47. víri   vaa   u-kupi-tih   t-u-saríshriih-va   pa-kóo   kuma-'ávaha   so   that   3s(>3)-do-DUR   PERF-3s(>3)-put.(things).down-PL.ACT   the-all   3sPOSS-food

    She was doing this, she was bringing in all kinds of food. Source: Nettie Ruben, "The Story of Bear" (WB_KL-40) | read full text

48. xás   púyava   kuma-máh'iit   xás   kúkuum   t-u-'ípak   vúra   uum   taay   p-oo-'átivu-tih   p-óo-mkaanvu-ti   pa-kóo   kuma-'ávaha   then   you.see   3sPOSS-morning   then   again   PERF-3s(>3)-come.back   Intensive   3.SG   much   NOMZ-3s(>3)-carry.in.a.burden.basket-DUR   NOMZ-3s(>3)-gather-DUR   the-all   3sPOSS-food

    And one morning she came back again, she was carrying a lot in her burden basket, since she had gathered all kinds of food. Source: Nettie Ruben, "The Story of Bear" (WB_KL-40) | read full text

49. kári   xás   koovúra   kuma-keemishatunvêech-as   kun-ikyâavarihva   then   then   all   3sPOSS-little.wild.animals-PL   3pl(>3s)-try

    And all the little wild animals tried. Source: Mamie Offield, "Victory Over Fire" (WB_KL-45) | read full text

50. káru   vaa   kumá'ii   koovúra   kuma-keemishatunvêechas   kun-'áay-ti   aah   also   that   because.of   all   3sPOSS-little.wild.animals   3pl(>3s)-fear-DUR   fire

    And that's why all the little wild animals are afraid of fire. Source: Mamie Offield, "Victory Over Fire" (WB_KL-45) | read full text

51. yúruk   kuma-yurás-viitkir   káan   xás   u-taxarápish   downriver   3sPOSS-ocean-ridge   there   then   3s(>3)-end.stride

    Then he ended his stride downriver there, on some ocean ridge. Source: Chester Pepper, "Medicine for the Return of Wives" (WB_KL-52) | read full text

52. uum   vúra   itíhaan   kuma-máh'iit   t-óo   kvátar   itukuk-'afishríhan   3.SG   Intensive   always   3sPOSS-morning   PERF-3s(>3)   go.get.sweathouse.wood   placename-young.man

    The young man of itúkuk went gathering sweathouse wood every morning. Source: Nettie Ruben, "The Boy from Itúkuk" (WB_KL-57) | read full text

53. xás   ithâan   kuma-máh'iit   u-xus   ithyáruk   kan-vâaram-i   then   once   3sPOSS-morning   3s(>3)-think   across   1s(>3)-go-IMPER

    And one morning he thought, "Let me go across-river! Source: Nettie Ruben, "The Boy from Itúkuk" (WB_KL-57) | read full text

54. imáankam   kuma-máh'iit   kúkuum   vúra   u-kvátar   next.day   3sPOSS-morning   again   Intensive   3s(>3)-go.get.sweathouse.wood

    The next morning he rowed across again. Source: Nettie Ruben, "The Boy from Itúkuk" (WB_KL-57) | read full text

55. pa-vúra   kóo   kuma-'íthivishrih   pa-kun-vuhvúhi-naa-tih   káru   pa-koo   NOMZ-Intensive   all   3sPOSS-happenings   NOMZ-3pl(>3s)-do.jump.dance-PL-DUR   also   the-all

    There was all kind of celebration as they did the deerskin dance and all. Source: Nettie Ruben, "The Boy from Itúkuk" (WB_KL-57) | read full text

56. xás   pa-kóo   kuma-'arará-'uup   pa-kun-'ativú-tiih-va   pa-kóo   kum-éemyaat   then   the-all   3sPOSS-human-possession   NOMZ-3pl(>3s)-carry.in.a.burden.basket-DUR-PL.ACT   the-all   3sPOSS-fur

    And what they were carrying was every kind of Indian treasure, every kind of fur. Source: Nettie Ruben, "The Boy from Itúkuk" (WB_KL-57) | read full text

57. pufíchtaahkoo   ípmiif   káru   pa-kóo   kumá-'uup   p-oo-tháthriinaa   pa-sipnúuk-ak   white.deer   black.deer   also   NOMZ-all   3sPOSS-possession   NOMZ-3s(>3)-sit.(two.things)   the-storage.basket-Locative

    White deerskins, black deerskins, and every kind of treasure sat in the storage baskets. Source: Nettie Ruben, "The Boy from Itúkuk" (WB_KL-57) | read full text

58. víri   kún   axyará-va   pa-kóo   kuma-'arará-'uup   so   meaning.unknown   full-Distributive   the-all   3sPOSS-human-possession

    There they were all full, there was all kinds of Indian treasure. Source: Nettie Ruben, "The Boy from Itúkuk" (WB_KL-57) | read full text

59. púyava   pa-kun-'ípak   ôok   kumee-thívthaaneen   vaa   uum   pa-kúph-aan-hanik   p-óo-kupi-ti   áraar   u-tâanaxihi-tih-irak   you.see   NOMZ-3pl(>3s)-come.back   here   3sPOSS-land   that   3.SG   the-do-Agentive-ANC   NOMZ-3s(>3)-do-DUR   human   3s(>3)-be.dead-DUR-where

    So when they returned to this world, they are the ones who did as it is done in the land of the dead. Source: Mamie Offield, "A Trip to the Land of the Dead" (WB_KL-58) | read full text

60. ithâan   kuma-máh'iit   u-má   pa-chánchaaf   yíiv   á'   vúra   ú-krii   once   3sPOSS-morning   3s(>3)-see   the-foam   far   above   Intensive   3s(>3)-live

    One morning she saw the foam was up high. Source: Nettie Ruben, "The Pool in Big Rock" (WB_KL-59) | read full text

61. víri-va   kuma-suruk   pa-'ávansa   u-p-êeth-ruprav   so-so   3sPOSS-under   the-man   3s(>3)-ITER-carry-out.through

    There she took the man out from underneath it. Source: Nettie Ruben, "The Pool in Big Rock" (WB_KL-59) | read full text

62. xás   ithâan   kum-éeshyaav   vúra   puxích   t-u-páthrih   pa-'íshaha   t-u-'uh   then   once   3sPOSS-winter   Intensive   very.much   PERF-3s(>3)-rain   the-water   PERF-3s(>3)-rise.(water)

    And one winter it rained hard, the water rose. Source: Julia Starritt, "How the Rube Family Was Named" (WB_KL-66) | read full text

63. púyava   vúra   káan   sú'   u-krítumkuri   hâari   itha-hárinay   káru   hâari   kumá-xara   you.see   Intensive   there   inside   3s(>3)-pile.into   sometime   all-year   also   sometime   3sPOSS-long.time

    So (the acorns) were piled in there, sometimes a year and sometimes longer. Source: Julia Starritt, "Soaking Acorns" (WB_KL-75) | read full text

64. pa-'arara-'avans-éextiivha   uum   yítha   pa-kum-éextiivha   ú-thvuuy-ti   imtháatva   the-human-man-(athletic).game   3.SG   one   the-3sPOSS-(athletic).game   3s(>3)-be.named-DUR   shinny

    One game, of the Indian men's games, was called 'the stick game' (i.e., shinny). Source: Julia Starritt, "The Shinny Game" (WB_KL-78) | read full text

65. xás   koovúra   kuma-pírish   ú-thvuuy-va   then   all   3sPOSS-plant   3s(>3)-be.named-PL.ACT

    And she named all kinds of plants. Source: Emily Donahue, "Professor Gifford's Visit" (WB_KL-88) | read full text